Chloroform

Basic blue 7, basic blue 26, ethyl violet, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and lithium bis(oxalato)borate were purchased from TCI. Propylene glycol methyl ether acetate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methylene chloride, chloroform, and other chemical solvents were purchased from Samchun Pure Chemical. All chemicals were used without any additional purification. Transparent glass substrates were provided by Paul Marienfeld GmbH & Co.KG and acrylic binder was supplied by Alphachem Corporation.
Absorption and transmittance spectra were measured using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 25 UV/Vis spectrophotometer. Chromatic characteristics of the color films were analyzed on a Scinco color spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction patterns were measured using Bruker New D8 Advance X-Ray Diffractometer. 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer running at 500 MHz using chloroform-d as a solvent with TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were obtained using an LCQ Fleet mass spectrometer with high resolution.

RNA was extracted from cell lysates (1 × 10⁶ cells per mL) using an RNAiso reagent (TAKARA, Tokyo, Japan), following the manufacturer’s instructions. In brief, lysed samples were combined with chloroform (Samchun, Seoul, Republic of Korea) and centrifugation was performed at 12,000× g for 15 min at 4 °C to separate the RNA-containing aqueous phase, which was carefully transferred to a new tube. RNA was precipitated by the addition of isopropanol (Duksan, Seoul, Republic of Korea), followed by incubation for 10 min at room temperature. Precipitated RNA was pelleted by centrifugation at 12,000× g for 10 min at 4 °C and washed with 75% cold ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich). After drying for 10 min at room temperature, the RNA pellet was dissolved in diethyl-pyrocarbonate-treated water (DEPC water; Biosesang, Seongnam, Republic of Korea). RNA concentration and purity were determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
For cDNA synthesis, 1 µg of extracted RNA was mixed with Oligo DT primers (TAKARA) and dNTPs (TAKARA) in RNase-free distilled water (TAKARA) and incubated at 65 °C for 5 min. The mixture was then combined with reverse transcriptase (TAKARA) and RNase inhibitor (TAKARA), followed by incubation at 42 °C for 45 min and at 95 °C for 5 min, using a thermal cycler (Bio-Rad).

Total RNA was extracted from the cells using the RNAiso reagent (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were washed with cold PBS and lysed with RNAiso reagent. Chloroform (Samchun, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was added to the lysate, and the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000× g for 15 min at 4 °C to separate the aqueous and organic phases. The aqueous phase was then transferred to a fresh tube, and RNA was precipitated by adding isopropanol (Duksan, Seoul, Republic of Korea) for 10 min at room temperature (RT). The RNA was centrifugated at 12,000× g for 10 min at 4 °C to precipitate the pellet. Subsequently, the RNA was washed with 75% cold-ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and centrifuged at 7500× g for 5 min at 4 °C. The washed RNA pellet was air-dried until the pellet was slightly transparent and dissolved in diethyl pyrocarbonate treated water (Biosesang, Seongnam, Republic of Korea). RNA quality and quantity were determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA).

The 4-methoxybenzoic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarbaldehyde, phosphorous oxychloride, carbohydrazide, isocyanate and isothiocyanates, Hydrazine hydrate (80%), TEA, CS₂, KOH, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany. The chloride salts of the transition metals were obtained from Aldrich and Alfa Aesar. Ethanol, mEthanol, chloroform, deionized water, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, toluene (Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, Korea), H₂SO₄, acetic acid, and HCl (Jin Chemical and Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea) were used in this experiment. Urease from jack bean (EC 3.5.1.5), Thio-urea, sodium nitroprusside, and active chloride were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Stock solutions of the reducing substrates were prepared in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 6.8).