5 aminoimidazole 4 carboxamide ribonucleotide

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide is a chemical compound used in biochemistry research. It is a ribonucleotide that serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides.

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Lab products found in correlation

3 isobutyl 1 methylxanthine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Aicar, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Carnosol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dorsomorphin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Curcumin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Insulin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) 3t3 l1 preadipocyte, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions) Dorsomorphin compound c, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Antibiotic antimycotic solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Phospho ampkα, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Poly adp ribose polymerase parp, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) 3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide mtt, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Phospho acc, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Rnase a, by Abcam (1 mentions) Acetyl coa carboxylase, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) P glycoprotein p gp, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Dulbecco s phosphate buffered saline dpbs, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Phospho mtor, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Phospho akt, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions)

10 protocols using 5 aminoimidazole 4 carboxamide ribonucleotide

Investigating Anti-Inflammatory Compounds

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Carnosol (from Rosemarinus officinalis) and curcumin (from Curcuma longa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in DMSO. Ultrapure lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli serotype O111:B4 was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences. The AMPK inhibitor compound C (also known as dorsomorphin) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in DMSO. The AMPK agonist 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in water.

Campbell N.K., Fitzgerald H.K., Fletcher J.M, & Dunne A. (2019). Plant-Derived Polyphenols Modulate Human Dendritic Cell Metabolism and Immune Function via AMPK-Dependent Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 345.

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Adipogenic Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells

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Neferine (C38H44N2O6) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) and solvated in dimethyl sulfoxide. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were acquired from the ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Cell growth medium (DMEM), bovine calf serum (BCS), trypsin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and insulin were supplied by Thermo Fisher (San Jose, CA, USA), while antibiotic-antimycotic solution, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), dorsomorphin (Compound C), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and dexamethasone (DEX) were procured from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Park M., Han J, & Lee H.J. (2020). Anti-Adipogenic Effect of Neferine in 3T3-L1 Cells and Primary White Adipocytes. Nutrients, 12(6), 1858.

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Metabolic Regulation in Cancer Cells

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Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium DMEM, and Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin was purchased from GenDEPOT (Katy, TX, USA). Sodium butyrate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT), and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against p21; cyclin A; cyclin D1; cyclin E; Bad; acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC); ATP citrate lyase (ACLY); fatty acid synthase (FASN); LC3B; Beclin-1; p62; phospho-AMPKα (Thr172); AMPKα; mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); phospho-mTOR (Ser2448); Akt; phospho-Akt (Ser473); phospho-ACC (Ser79); carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1); breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); Bax; P-glycoprotein (P-gp); and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) were purchased from Cell Signaling Biotechnology (Beverly, MA, USA). Actin, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD), and p53 antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) antibody, propidium iodide, and RNase A were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical or HPLC grade and were used without further purification.

Yoo H.Y., Park S.Y., Chang S.Y, & Kim S.H. (2021). Regulation of Butyrate-Induced Resistance through AMPK Signaling Pathway in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomedicines, 9(11), 1604.

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Adipocyte Differentiation Assay

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Insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), sodium pyruvate, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N’-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), Oil Red O, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dubecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), bovine serum (BS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium pyruvate solution, and penicillin-streptomycin (PS) were purchased from Gibico (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The polyclonal antibodies specific for GAPDH, PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, and p-AMPKα were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-SREBP-1c antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). The rabbit polyclonal antibody for AMPKα was purchased from Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals and solvents of analytical grade were obtained from commercial sources.

Shie P.H., Yang C.P., Huang G.J., Wang S.Y, & Kuo Y.H. (2020). Sinensol-C Isolated from Spiranthes sinensis Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells through the Regulation of Adipogenic Transcription Factors and AMPK Activation. Molecules, 25(18), 4204.

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Activation of AMPK Signaling Pathway

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Sodium arsenite (arsenite), resveratrol, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), and compound C were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 (carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal) was purchased from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany).

Choi S., Sa M., Cho N., Kim K.K, & Park S.H. (2019). Rbfox2 dissociation from stress granules suppresses cancer progression. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 51(4), 49.

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Leukocyte Activation Assays with Metformin

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Metformin was supplied from Benta Pharma Industries, DbayehLebanon. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), N formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), luminol (5-amine-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phtalazinedione), horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT), Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), and Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Honeywell Research chemicals. Dextran T500 and Ficoll were purchased from GE Healthcare (Orsay, France). RPMI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin solution were purchased from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Asnières-sur-Seine, France). Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were purchased from Peprotech (Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France).

Nassif R.M., Chalhoub E., Chedid P., Hurtado-Nedelec M., Raya E., Dang P.M., Marie J.C, & El-Benna J. (2022). Metformin Inhibits ROS Production by Human M2 Macrophages via the Activation of AMPK. Biomedicines, 10(2), 319.

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AMPK Activation by AICAR Injection

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The AMP analog 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) (Sigma, Buchs, Switzerland, #A9978), known to activate AMPK, was injected i.p. in 100 mL saline at 100 mg/kg. 14, 15 Each AICAR application was timed to replace 1 exercising unit (5 doses/week for 4 weeks). I.p. saline injections served as control.

Linecker M., Frick L., Kron P., Limani P., Kambakamba P., Tschuor C., Langiewicz M., Kachaylo E., Tian Y., Schneider M.A., Ungethüm U., Calo N., Foti M., Dufour J.F., Graf R., Humar B, & Clavien P.A. (2020). Exercise Improves Outcomes of Surgery on Fatty Liver in Mice: A Novel Effect Mediated by the AMPK Pathway. Annals of surgery, 271(2).

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Analysis

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PA, tunicamycin (Tuni), exendin-4, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies to fetuin-A, inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α), CCAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein (CHOP), and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). SEPP1 and phosphor-IRE1α (P-IRE1α) antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phosphor-PERK (P-PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Lee J., Hong S.W., Park S.E., Rhee E.J., Park C.Y., Oh K.W., Park S.W, & Lee W.Y. (2015). Exendin-4 Inhibits the Expression of SEPP1 and Fetuin-A via Improvement of Palmitic Acid-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by AMPK. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 30(2), 177-184.

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NorUDCA and AMPK Regulation Assay

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NorUDCA is a gift from Dr. Peter Fickert (Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria), which was originally received as a gift from Dr. Falk Pharma (Freiburg, Germany). NorUDCA vehicle was water. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an AMPK activator, was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). AICAR vehicle was water. 6-[4-(2-Piperidin-1-ylethoxy) phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-ylpyrazolo-[1, 5-a]-pyrimidine (Compound C) was purchased from MCE MedChem Express. Compound C vehicle was DMSO. Chloroquine (CQ) was purchased from Sigma (cat#c-6628). Chloroquine vehicle was water. MG132 was purchased from SelleckChem.com (No.S2619). MG132 vehicle was DMSO. Doxycycline was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat# D3072, USA). Doxycycline vehicle was water.

Tang Y., Blomenkamp K.S., Fickert P., Trauner M, & Teckman J.H. (2018). NorUDCA promotes degradation of α1-antitrypsin mutant Z protein by inducing autophagy through AMPK/ULK1 pathway. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0200897.

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Chondrocyte and Synoviocyte Isolation and Treatment

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Immature mouse articular chondrocytes were isolated from knees and hips of 6-days-old wild-type and Redd1^−/− mice (19 (link)) following the protocol described by Gosset et al (25 (link)). Synovial membranes were collected from knee joints of 4-month-old Redd1^+/+ and Redd1^−/− mice (n=4 per genotype) and synoviocytes were isolated after 4 hour digestion with collagenase (2mg/ml, Sigma) at 37ºC. Cells were maintained in media containing 10% calf serum (CS) and second passage cells were plated at a density of 10⁵ cells/mL, incubated overnight, and treated for 24 hours with tBHP (tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, Sigma), 1nM IL-1β (interleukin 1β, Preprotech), chloroquine (25μM, Sigma), or 1mM AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, Sigma) as indicated.

Alvarez-Garcia O., Matsuzaki T., Olmer M., Plate L., Kelly J.W, & Lotz M.K. (2017). REDD1 deficiency impairs autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in articular cartilage and increases the severity of experimental osteoarthritis. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 69(7), 1418-1428.

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