a JEM-2100F high-resolution transmission emission microscope (JEOL,
Japan). XRD spectrum was measured on a Bruker D-8 Advance Powder X-ray
diffractometer (Bruker, Germany). XPS spectra were taken with ESCALAB
250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
FT-IR spectrum was recorded on a Thermo Nicolet iS10 spectrometer
(Thermo Fisher Scientific). Elemental analysis was carried out on
a Vario EL/Micro Cube organic element analyzer (Elementar Analysensysteme
GmbH, Germany). Magnetic property was recorded by using a VersaLab
Vibration Sample Magnetometer (Quantum Design). UV–vis absorption
spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-3600 Plus UV–vis–NIR
spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Fluorescence spectra were recorded
on a Thermo Scientific Lumina fluorescence spectrometer (Thermo Fisher
Scientific). Time-resolved fluorescence spectra were measured on a
Horiba Scientific QM-8075 high sensitivity steady-state transient
fluorescence spectrometer (HORIBA, Japan). ζ-Potential was recorded
on a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern, U.K.). CV curves were obtained from
a Chenhua CHI-760E electrochemical workstation (Shanghai, China).
The pH values were mediated using a Sartorius PB-10 pH meter (Sartorius,
China).