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Anti 6 4pp clone 64m 2

Manufactured by Cosmo Bio

Anti-6-4PP (clone 64M-2) is a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the 6-4 photoproduct, a type of DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. This antibody can be used in various research applications to detect and quantify the presence of 6-4 photoproducts in biological samples.

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3 protocols using anti 6 4pp clone 64m 2

1

UV Irradiation Skin Cell Damage

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To assess the effect of UV irradiation on skin cells, 6-4PP and CPD were examined immunohistochemically on 1–2 µm paraffin sections as previously described24 . The sections were incubated with either anti-6-4PP (clone 64M-2, Cosmo Bio) or anti-CPD (clone TDM-2, Cosmo Bio). Alkaline Phosphatase/RED, Rabbit/Mouse (Agilent Technologies) was employed for the detection of 6-4PP+ and CPD+. Nuclei staining was performed with hematoxylin (Merck Millipore) and slides were coverslipped with Kaiser’s glycerol gelatine (Merck Millipore). Analysis of apoptosis in irradiated cells was performed by cleaved caspase-3 staining (clone 5A1E, Cell Signaling Technologies) on selected sections31 (link). Negative controls were performed by omitting the primary antibody. An AxioImager Z1 microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) was used for histologic documentation in a blinded manner.
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2

Quantitative Assay for Nucleotide Excision Repair

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The assay of NER capacity was modified to a cell-based fluorescent assay that evaluates direct binding of an antibody specific for UV-induced 6-4PP (29 (link), 30 (link)). Briefly, cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at a density of 100,000 cells per well. Cells were incubated for 4 h with drugs. Cells were irradiated with UV-C (80 J/m2, Stratalinker 1800, Energy mode). Following UV irradiation, cells were incubated with culture medium and collected at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h and 8 h. Immunofluorescent staining (IF) was performed as described in the product protocol (Anti-6-4PP Clone 64M-2 1:500, COSMO BIO). Immunofluorescent images were captured and processed using CellProfiler (31 (link)). Mean fluorescence intensity of the level of 6-4PP at 2 h, 4 h or 8 h were normalized to 100% intensity of 6-4PP at 0 h (11 (link)). NER capacity at 2 h, 4 h and 8 h were represented as % of 6-4PP removal (100% minus 6-4PP% at 2 h, 4 h and 8 h after UV). For measuring NER in 3D PDOs, organoids were disassociated, and cells were plated overnight as 2D adherent cell culture before 6-4PP assay. NER capacity in PDOs was measured by double immunofluorescence (IF) staining with rabbit anti-cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and mouse anti-6-4PP. Only CK7 positive cells (urothelial cells) were counted for NER capacity (32 (link)).
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of DNA Damage

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Irradiation experiments for analysing DNA damage were performed after shipping the 3D mucosa models in a cooled container from Greifswald to Berlin. In order to semi-quantitatively determine the percentage and location of affected cells, immunostaining was performed on the irradiated tissue samples. The punch biopsies of mucosa models and human oral mucosa were fixated in neutral buffered 4% formalin solution (Sigma #HT501128-4L, Saint Louis, MO) after irradiation. The fixated biopsies were dewatered and embedded in paraffin blocks (Histosec, Merck Millipore)51 (link), sectioned to 1–2 µm and incubated with anti-6-4PP (clone 64 M-2, Cosmo Bio), anti-CPD (clone TDM-2, Cosmo Bio) or anti p53 (clone DO7, Novastra) and subsequently stained with Alkaline Phosphatase/RED, Rabbit/Mouse (Agilent Technologies) for the detection of 6-4PP, CPD and p53. Nuclei staining was performed with hematoxylin and slides were cover slipped with Kaiser’s glycerol gelatine (both Merck Millipore). Negative controls were performed by omitting the primary antibody. An AxioImager Z1 microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) was used for histologic documentation in a blinded manner.
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