Cu 300 tem grids

For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the AgNPs were diluted in MQ water, dropped onto the carbon film-covered side of a copper Cu-300 TEM grids (Agar Scientific, Ltd., Essex, UK), air-dried, and imaged with a Tecnai-10 transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) at 80 kV. The concentration of AgNPs was calculated according to the Beer–Lambert law by measuring the UV–Vis absorbance of AgNPs at 415 nm and using a molar attenuation coefficient of 8.83 × 10⁻⁹ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹. For size and zeta potential measurements, the AgNPs were diluted 400X in MQ water. Zetasizer Pro (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK) was used for the measurements. Size measurements were done at 25 °C with the material refractive index (RI) set to 2.00, and material absorption set to 0.200 using polystyrene cuvettes (#DTS0012, Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK); zeta potential measurements were done at 25 °C with 12 runs/measurement using capillary cell cuvettes (#DTS1070, Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK).