Sodium borohydride (≥ 98.0%), selenium (≥ 99.5%), 2-bromoethanol (95%), triethylamine (≥ 99.0%), acryloyl chloride (97.0%, contains <210 ppm MEHQ as stabilizer), (+)–catechin hydrate (≥ 98.0%), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA, Mw ≈ 1,800 g/mol), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, Mw ≈ 40,000 g/mol), polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mn ≈ 950 – 1,050 g/mol) and polyethylenimine (PEI, branched, Mw ≈ 800 g/mol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hyaluronic acid (HA, Mw ≈ 620 – 1200 kg/mol) was purchased from Kikkoman. Tetrahydrofuran (THF, HPLG grade), deionized water, methylene chloride (99.6%), sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate hydrate (≥99.0%), ethyl acetate and n-hexane (anhydrous) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. H2O2 (30% solution) was purchased from Macron Fine Chemicals. A dialysis tube (MWCO: 3.5 kDa, Fisherbrand) was used to remove impurities in the chemical compounds. For drug release tests, a dialysis tube (MWCO: 500 – 1000 Da, Spectrum Labs) was used. C166 cells (mouse endothelial cell line from yolk sac) were obtained from American Type Cell Culture (ATCC CRL2581) and cultured according to the guidelines of ATCC. Daphnia eggs were obtained from Environmental Bio-Detection Products Incorporation (EBPI, Daphtoxkit F magna) and cultured according to the standard operational procedure.
Dialysis tube
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Canada
Dialysis tubing is a semi-permeable membrane used to separate molecules based on their size and molecular weight. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications to facilitate the exchange of small molecules, ions, and solvents across a barrier while retaining larger molecules or particles.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Diode array spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acryloyl chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methylene chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Selenium, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyacrylic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyethylene glycol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N hexane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium borohydride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 bromoethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Catechin hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydroxypropyl cellulose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Zetasizer nano zs dls, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Nickel sulfate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium nitrite, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
14 protocols using dialysis tube
1
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Biomaterials
2
Camelina/Sophia Protein Hydrolysates Inhibit Copper-Induced LDL Oxidation
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The inhibitory activity of camelina/sophia protein hydrolysates against copper-induced LDL cholesterol oxidation was measured according to the reported method [27 (link)]. LDL (5 mg/mL) was dialyzed in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl) using a dialysis tube with a molecular weight cut-off of 12−14 kDa (Fisher Scientific, Nepean, ON, Canada) at 4 °C under a nitrogen blanket in the dark for 12 h. Diluted LDL cholesterol (0.04 mg LDL/mL) was mixed with protein hydrolysate solutions (0.1 mg/mL). The positive control used was carnosine. The reaction was initiated by adding 0.1 mL of 100 μM solution of CuSO4. A blank containing only a sample without LDL or CuSO4 was prepared for each test compound. After incubation of the reaction mixture at 37 ℃ for 12 h, the conjugated dienes formed were recorded at 234 nm using a diode array spectrophotometer (Agilent, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The inhibitory effect of tested samples was expressed as percentage inhibition of conjugated diene formation according to the following equation:
A0, At, and A°0, A°t are absorbance values for test samples and control, respectively, measured at zero time and at time t after incubation.
A0, At, and A°0, A°t are absorbance values for test samples and control, respectively, measured at zero time and at time t after incubation.
3
Evaluating Liposomal Drug Release Kinetics
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Five hundred microliters of liposomal solution (5 mg/ml) was placed in dialysis tube (10 kDa molecular weight cut off, ThermoFisher Scientific) that was placed in 5 ml PBS (or PBS/fetal bovine serum‐FBS mixture) at 37°C and pH 7.4. At designated timepoints, 100 μl of the solution was sampled and replaced with fresh PBS. By measuring the fluorescence of the PBS solution and plotting against the fluorescence standard curve, the in situ concentration of calcein in the release buffer was derived. The release profile of DNA plasmid was quantified in a similar way except by measuring the absorbance of sampled solution at 260 nm.
4
Fractionation of Cellular Compartments
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The cells were lysed in a lysis buffer (0.5% NP40, 350 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES, complete cocktail), and then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was collected as the cytoplasmic lysate. The precipitate was washed twice with cold PBS, followed by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 10 min to obtain a plasma membrane component, which was further lysed with 5 M guanidine hydrochloride and then centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min. After that, the supernatant was transferred to a dialysis tube (Thermo, Cat. 69,562) and dialyzed in PBS overnight at 4 °C. After that, liquid was then collected as plasma membrane lysate. For total cell lysate collection, cells were lysed with a 2 × sample buffer (20 mM dithiothreitol, 6% SDS, 0.25 M Tris, pH 6.8, 10% glycerol, 10 mM NaF and bromophenol blue) at approximately 1 × 107 cells per mL, followed by 5 min heating in boiling water bath. After that, the protein extracts were sonicated for 10 s 4 times and then centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min to collect supernatant as total cell lysate.
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide
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GO was synthesized by the Hummers method modified as reported by Valencia et al. [16 (link)]. Briefly, 3.0 g of graphite was oxidized with KMnO4 for three days and then washed with ethanol and Milli Q water in a centrifuge. The sediment was purified by dialysis tube (Thermo Scientific, Suwanee, GA, US) and then lyophilized at −51 °C and 0.12 mBar (Labconco, Kansas City, MO, US).
GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared in attenuated total internal reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR) (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, US); X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) (Specs, Berlin, Germany) with a PHOIBOS 150 1D-DLD analyzer (PHOIBOS, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China), using a monochromatic source of Al-Kα (1486.7 eV, 13 kV, 100 W), C1s spectrum from GO was analyzed, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in a Zetasizer Nano ZS DLS (Malvern Panalytical, JarmanWay, Royston, UK).
GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared in attenuated total internal reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR) (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, US); X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) (Specs, Berlin, Germany) with a PHOIBOS 150 1D-DLD analyzer (PHOIBOS, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China), using a monochromatic source of Al-Kα (1486.7 eV, 13 kV, 100 W), C1s spectrum from GO was analyzed, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in a Zetasizer Nano ZS DLS (Malvern Panalytical, JarmanWay, Royston, UK).
6
Inhibitory Effect of EGC Esters on LDL Peroxidation
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The inhibitory effect of EGC esters on cupric ion-induced human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation was determined according to the method described elsewhere [8 ]. Initially, LDL (5 mg/mL) was dialyzed against 100 volumes of freshly prepared phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4, 0.15M NaCl). A dialysis tube (MWCO of 12–14 kDa, Fischer, Carle and Kammerer Scientific, Nepean, ON, Canada) was used to dialyze LDL at 4 °C under a nitrogen blanket in the dark for 12 h. Diluted LDL cholesterol (0.04 mg LDL/mL) was mixed with the EGC extracts dissolved in ethanol (5 μg/mL, 10 μL) in an Eppendorf tube. The samples were pre-incubated at 37 °C for 15 min and the reaction was initiated by adding a solution of cupric sulphate (0.1 mL, 100 μM). The samples were then incubated at 37 °C for 22 h. The formation of conjugated dienes (CD) was recorded at 234 nm using a diode array spectrophotometer (Agilent, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The appropriate blanks were run for each sample by replacing LDL cholesterol and CuSO4 and with distilled water for background correction.
7
Extraction and Purification of EPS from L. brevis
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EPS was extracted using a previously described method [29 (link)]. L. brevis L010 cultured at 30°C for 48 h was boiled for 10 min to inactivate enzymes following trichloroacetic acid addition at a final concentration of 10%. The mixture was incubated at 4°C for 4 h, and the precipitate was removed via centrifugation (9,000 ×g) for 10 min. Two volumes of ice-cold ethanol were added to the supernatant, and the mixture was stored at 4°C for 12 h. EPS was precipitated via centrifugation at 9,000 ×g for 20 min, dissolved in sterile water, dialyzed against water using a dialysis tube (molecular weight cut-off of 3,500 Da; Thermo Fisher Scientific., USA), and then lyophilized.
8
Synthesis of Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Based Nanomaterials
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Chitosan oligosaccharide
lactate, sodium borohydride, and silver nitrate were purchased from
Aldrich and were used as received. Potassium iodide, sodium chloride,
sodium fluoride, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, aluminum oxide,
sodium nitrate, potassium cyanide, sodium nitrite, hydrochloric acid,
sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium acetate,
sodium carbonate, potassium thiocyanate, monosodium phosphate, and
disodium phosphate were purchased from Aldrich and used as received
without further purification. Magnesium acetate, iron(III) chloride,
iron(II) chloride, zinc sulfate, nickel sulfate, magnesium sulfate,
and copper nitrate were purchased from Fisher and used as received
without further purification. Dialysis tubes with a 29.3 mm diameter
and 3.5 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) were obtained from Fisher
Scientific. A phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0 to pH 13) was prepared
with monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate (0.2 M), further
adjusted with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. All glassware
was thoroughly washed with (3:1 ratio of HCl/HNO3) aqua
regia and was then rinsed with ultrapure water prior to use. Ultrapure
water was used in all of the experiments.
lactate, sodium borohydride, and silver nitrate were purchased from
Aldrich and were used as received. Potassium iodide, sodium chloride,
sodium fluoride, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, aluminum oxide,
sodium nitrate, potassium cyanide, sodium nitrite, hydrochloric acid,
sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium acetate,
sodium carbonate, potassium thiocyanate, monosodium phosphate, and
disodium phosphate were purchased from Aldrich and used as received
without further purification. Magnesium acetate, iron(III) chloride,
iron(II) chloride, zinc sulfate, nickel sulfate, magnesium sulfate,
and copper nitrate were purchased from Fisher and used as received
without further purification. Dialysis tubes with a 29.3 mm diameter
and 3.5 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) were obtained from Fisher
Scientific. A phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0 to pH 13) was prepared
with monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate (0.2 M), further
adjusted with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. All glassware
was thoroughly washed with (3:1 ratio of HCl/HNO3) aqua
regia and was then rinsed with ultrapure water prior to use. Ultrapure
water was used in all of the experiments.
9
Synthesis of HPMA-based Conjugates
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All commercial chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands) and used as received unless indicated otherwise. N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) was synthesized by a reaction of methacryloyl chloride with 1-aminopropan-2-ol in dichloromethane according to a literature procedure. 33 N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-Boc-Sacetamidomethyl-L-cysteine (HPMA-Boc-Cys-(Acm)) and N-(2hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-ethylthioglycolate succinic acid (HPMA-ETSA) were synthesized according to previously reported procedures. 5, 34 Viscous Blue 420 Maleimidet was obtained from Ursa BioScience (Maryland, USA). Phosphate buffered saline 10Â (PBS) pH 7.4 (1.37 M NaCl, 0.027 M KCl and 0.119 M phosphates) BioReagents was purchased from B. Braun (Melsungen, Germany). Poly(ethylene glycol) bis(2bromoisobutyrate) with a molecular weight of 6 kDa was synthesized by a method previously reported. 5 Dialysis tubes (molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) 10 kDa) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Bleiswijk, The Netherlands). PD-10 desalting columns were purchased from GE Healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden). PEG standards (molecular weights ranging from 106 to 969 000 Da) for GPC characterization were purchased from Agilent Technologies BV (Santa Clara, US).
10
Silk Extraction and Purification
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Bombyx mori cocoons were
purchased from Treenway Silks (Colorado,
USA). Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), lithium bromide
(LiBr), ethanol (EtOH), dialysis tubes with a diameter of 3 cm and
molecular weight cutoff of 3500 Da, and % polyethylene oxide (20,000
Da) were acquired from Fisher Scientific.
purchased from Treenway Silks (Colorado,
USA). Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), lithium bromide
(LiBr), ethanol (EtOH), dialysis tubes with a diameter of 3 cm and
molecular weight cutoff of 3500 Da, and % polyethylene oxide (20,000
Da) were acquired from Fisher Scientific.
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