biochemical parameters such as age, sex, FBG, HbA1c, blood
urea, serum creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein
(HDL), fasting insulin, and CRP were measured for each participating
subject at Bharati Vidyapeeth (DTU) Medical College, Pune. Besides
these parameters, the plasma concentration of total protein (estimated
by Bradford’s method), fructosamine (using the fructosamine
assay kit from Abbexa Ltd, Cambridge, UK), albumin (using bromocresol
green albumin assay kit MAK124 from Sigma-Aldrich), glycated albumin
(using the Human glycated albumin ELISA kit, CSB-E09599h, Cusabio,
China), and MDA (using lipid peroxidation assay kit from Sigma-Aldrich),
were determined. The plasma fructosamine concentration was normalized
to total plasma protein concentration and was expressed as μM/g
of plasma protein. To determine the plasma glycated albumin concentration,
a four-parameter logistic regression curve was plotted using the web
tool GainData ELISA data calculator (Arigo Biolaboratories, Hsinchu
City 300, Taiwan). Glycated albumin concentration was normalized with
respective plasma albumin concentrations and expressed in μM/g
of albumin. HOMA-IR was calculated based on the following formula.23 (link)