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126 protocols using toluene

1

Sugar Extraction and Analysis Protocol

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Sucrose, glucose, fructose, 1-kestotriose, and 1,1-kestotetraose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Toluene (≥99.5%) and sodium alginate (source Laminaria hyperborea) were purchased from BDH Chemicals (England). Refined sugar, raw sugar, sugarcane syrup, and molasses were collected at the sugar mill “Melanio Hernández,” Tuinucú, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba.
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2

Bacterial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity

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The cell surface hydrophobicity of selected bacilli was determined in terms of the bacterial cell ability in adhering to hydrocarbons (MATS: Microbial Adhesion to Solvents), according to the methodology described by García-Hernández et al. [27 (link)]. Bacterial cultures in stationary phase were harvested by centrifugation 10,000× g at 4 °C for 10 min, washed twice with PBS buffer (pH 7.2), and resuspended in 5 mL of the same buffer solution. The bacterial concentration was adjusted with PBS to OD600 = 1 (A0), and then an equal volume of toluene (BDH Chemicals, Ltd., Poole, England) was added. toluene was chosen as a nonpolar solvent because it reflects cell surface hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity [28 (link)]. The two-phase system was completely mixed for 5 min. After 1 h of incubation at 37 °C, the aqueous phase was measured again (A1). MATS percentage was calculated according to the following equation: MATS (%) = [(A0 − A1)/A0] × 100. Isolates with MATS above 50% were considered to be hydrophobic.
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3

Radioactive Metabolite Extraction

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Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd. (Poole, Dorset, UK) supplied acetic acid, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), formic acid, potassium chloride (KCI), sodium chloride (NaCI), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), scintillation fluid and Triton X-20.
Other companies supplied the following: [1,2-14C]-acetic acid sodium salt (>100 mCi/mmol; Hartmann Analytic, Braunschweig, Germany), acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol, propan-2-ol, toluene (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, Dorset, UK), potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco, Becton Dickinson, Cowley, Oxfordshire, UK), Shredded Wheat (Cereal Partners UK, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK), glass preparative layer chromatography (PLC) plates (Sil 60G-200/UV254, Camlab, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK), X-ray film, D19 Developer (Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA), Ilfostop and Hypam Rapid Fixer, (Ilford, Mobberley, Cheshire, UK).
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Colloidal Nanocrystal Synthesis Protocols

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Cadmium oxide, tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 90%), 1,7 diaminoheptane (DIAH, 98%), ethyl lactatezinc acetate, dodecanethiol and selenium powder were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), butylamine (BA, 98%), oleic acid (OA, 97%), and sulfur were obtained from TCI. Toluene and heptane were obtained from BDH Chemicals. CYTOP was obtained from AGC Chemicals. NR 71-3000p photoresist was purchased from Futurrex. All chemicals were used as received.
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5

Extraction and Analysis of Leucaena Seed Oil

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Maleic anhydride [MA] (Riedel-de Haen, Germany),
silver nitrate,
sodium metal, methanol, toluene (BDH Chemicals Ltd. Poole, England),
and diethanolamine (WinLab, UK) were used as received. Ripe legumes
and fresh leaves from Leucaena leucocephala plant (University Campus, King Saud University) were collected in
the month of March 2019. Seeds were separated and powdered, and oil
was extracted from powdered seeds through a Soxhlet apparatus using
petroleum ether as solvent. The fatty acid composition (linoleic acid
52%, oleic acid 21%, palmitic acid 14%, and stearic acid 6%) of LLO
was determined using methyl ester on gas chromatography with an FID
detector.5 (link) Deionized water [DW] was used
throughout the experimental steps.
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Doxorubicin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles

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Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) methyl ether, molecular weight [MW] 5,000 Da), L-lactide (3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxite-2,5-dione), stannous octoate (Sn[Oct]2, Tin[II]2-ethylhexanoate), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), pyren, succinic anhydride, pyridine, triethylamine (TEA), N-hydroxysuccinicimide (NHS), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), D2O-d6, and CDCl3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Triphosgene and branched PEI (MW 10,000 Da) were purchased from Alfa Aesar® Johnson Matthey Korea (Seoul, South Korea). Dichloromethane (DCM), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and toluene were purchased from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson® (Muskegon, MI, USA). Dox⋅HCl was purchased from Borung Co. (Seoul, South Korea). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade. For cell culture, human breast cancer MCF7 cells and cervical cancer KB cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB, Seoul, South Korea). RPMI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Welgene (Seoul, South Korea). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Tokyo, Japan). P(Asp) was prepared as previously reported.20 The MW of P(Asp) was ~4,000 Da (degree of polymerization =35).
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Synthesis and Characterization of PEG-PLL-PLA Nanoparticles

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Methoxy polyethylene glycol amine (mPEG-NH2, molecular weight [MW] 5,000), N6-Carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine, 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxite-2,5-dione, DMA, stannous octoate (Tin[II]2-ethylhexanoate), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), succinic anhydride, pyridine, triethylamine (TEA), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 9,10-dimethylanthracene, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 33% HBr in acetic acid, anhydrous 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d6, and anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Triphosgene was purchased from Alfa Aesar® Johnson Matthey Korea (Seoul, South Korea). Dichloromethane and toluene were purchased from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson® (Muskegon, MI, USA). Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from Frontier Scientific Inc. (Logan, UT, USA). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade. For cell culture, human cervical cancer KB cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB, Seoul, South Korea). RPMI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Welgene (Seoul, South Korea). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Tokyo, Japan). PEG-PLL-PLA triblock copolyelectrolyte was prepared as described previously.17 (link)
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8

Carbon Nanopowder Synthesis and Characterization

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The carbon nanopowder sample (US1074) was
purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc., and C60 (purity > 98%, carbon content > 99.5%) from BuckyUSA. N-Vinylcarbazole and PVK (molecular weight ∼90 000)
were obtained from Acros Organics, DEA from Avocado, and DNT from
TCI. DMF, o-dichlorobenzene, and toluene were supplied
by Burdick & Jackson, diethyl ether by Mallinckrodt Chemicals,
and nitric acid by Fisher Scientific.
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9

Organic Solvent Extraction and Quantification

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HPLC grade chloroform (CAS: 67-66-3), dichloromethane (CAS: 75-09-2), and toluene (CAS: 108-88-3) were purchased from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA); protein assay dye reagent and acetylacetone were purchased from Bio-Rad (CA, USA). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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10

Synthesis of Functional Polymers

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Acetone and ethanol were purchased from Carl Roth. Acetonitrile, 2,2-dimethoxypropane, p-toluenesulfonic acid, tetrahydrofuran and sodium chloride (98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Acryloyl chloride (96%) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Azobis(isobutyronitril) (98%), triethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Dichlormethane, diethylether, ethyl acetate, methanol, hexane and dimethylformamide were purchased from VWR Prolabo (Darmstadt, Germany). Dopamine hydrochloride (99.96%) and glycinamide hydrochloride were purchased from BLD Pharmatech (Kaiserslautern, Germany). Hydroquinone was purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Potassium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Methyl trifluoroacetate was purchased from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK). N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide (98%) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide (98%) were purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). Sodium hydrogencarbonate, hydrochloric acid (37%) and toluene were purchased from VWR Chemicals.
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