For the OVX group, the rats were anesthetized with an intra-muscular injection of a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam (Virbac, Carros, France) with xylazine (Bayer Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany) at a dose of 30 mg zolazepam and 10 mg xylazine per kg of body weight. Placed in dorsal recumbency, the ventral mid-lumbar area was shaved and swabbed with 70% ethyl alcohol. A 2–3 cm ventral midline skin incision was made at the level of the uterus, followed by a 2-cm midline muscle incision. After pulling aside the muscle and fascia, left side ovarian duct was found and traced to the ovary. After the ligation of the ovarian duct at 1 cm distal to the ovary, the ovarian duct and peritoneum attached to the ovary were cut by a scissor and the ovary was extracted (Fig. 1 ). The other side with the right-side ovary underwent the same procedure and the muscle and skin from the incision were then sutured back together layer by layer.
Xylazine
Manufactured by Bayer
Sourced in Germany, France, Japan, United States, Brazil, Spain, Canada, Switzerland, Cameroon, Australia, United Kingdom
Xylazine is a pharmaceutical product used as a sedative and analgesic in veterinary medicine. It is a central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that produces a calming effect and pain relief in animals. Xylazine is used to facilitate handling, examination, and minor surgical procedures in various animal species.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ketamine, by Pfizer (44 mentions)
Ketamine, by Bayer (29 mentions)
Ketamine, by Daiichi Sankyo (28 mentions)
Zoletil, by Virbac (26 mentions)
Ketamine, by Ratiopharm (14 mentions)
Ketamine, by Zoetis (14 mentions)
Ketamine, by Virbac (12 mentions)
Rompun, by Bayer (11 mentions)
Zoletil 50, by Virbac (10 mentions)
Tropicamide, by Santen (7 mentions)
Ketamine hydrochloride, by Pfizer (6 mentions)
Lipopolysaccharides (lps), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
C57bl 6 mice, by Orient Bio (5 mentions)
Lidocaine, by AstraZeneca (5 mentions)
Floxal, by Bausch & Lomb (5 mentions)
Phenylephrine, by Santen (4 mentions)
Ketamine hcl, by Daiichi Sankyo (4 mentions)
Tiletamine zolazepam, by Virbac (4 mentions)
Conjuncain, by Bausch & Lomb (4 mentions)
Stereomicroscope, by Zeiss (4 mentions)
526 protocols using xylazine
1
Ovariectomy Procedure in Rats
2
Behavioral Assessment of Neuropathic Pain
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Behavioral studies were performed on a normal light-dark cycle and conducted between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. in isolated, light and temperature-controlled rooms. Nociceptive basal levels were determined as previously described (Gaveriaux-Ruff et al., 2011 (link)). Briefly, sensitivity to touch and mechanical allodynia was determined by using Von Frey filaments (Bioseb, Vitrolles, France) applied under the mouse hindpaw and following the up and down method. Cold allodynia was determined with the cold plate apparatus (Bioseb, Vitrolles, France). Each mouse was placed on the plate (5°C) for a 5 min period, and the number of paw lifts was counted. For baseline response to cold, the mean responses of both paws were calculated. Neuropathic pain was induced by pSNL by using a 7-0 braid silk suture under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia (100/10 mg/kg mixture; ketamine, Virbac, Carros, France; xylazine, Rompun, Bayer Healthcare, La Garenne Colombes, France) according to the method previously described (Martínez-Navarro et al., 2020 (link)). Because it was shown that sham mice did not experience hypersensitivity (Gaveriaux-Ruff et al., 2011 (link); Martínez-Navarro et al., 2020 (link)), and to decrease the number of experimented animals, we used pSNL animals only in this study.
3
Animal Handling and Euthanasia in Rodent Studies
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Adult male Long-Evans rats (JANVIER LABS, Le Genest St Isle, France) (n = 32), adult male Wistar rats (JANVIER LABS) (n = 21), adult male C57BL6/J mice (WT) (JANVIER LABS) (n = 40), and adult male TG mice expressing human transferrin (TG) (Centre d’exploration fonctionnelle du Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS1138, Paris France) (n = 40) were fed with a standard laboratory diet and ad libitum tap water in a room maintained at 21° to 23°C with a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.). Mice were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (80 mg/kg; Virbac, Carros, France) and xylazine (12 mg/kg; Bayer, Lyon, France); rats were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (35 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg). All animals were sacrificed by carbon dioxide inhalation.
4
Transient Retinal Ischemia Induction Protocol
5
Retinal Ischemia Induction via HIOP
6
Atm-deficient Mouse Model Study
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Atm-deficient mice (Atmtm1Awb; 8–10 weeks old), in a 129SvEv background, were used as the animal model. The animal studies were performed according to the protocols approved by the German Animal Subjects Committee (Gen. Nr. FK/1001). Mice were housed in plastic cages on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle with access to food and water ad libitum until harvest. Weight was taken every single day (0−28) throughout the treatment. All surgery was performed under ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia (20% ketamine, CuraMED GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany; 8% xylazine, Bayer Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany), and every effort was made to minimise suffering.
7
Intranasal Administration of Modified Vaccinia Virus
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Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) viruses have been described previously and were generated by standard methods.4 (link),5 (link),23 (link) In brief, the virus was propagated in chicken embryo fibroblasts, concentrated and purified by ultracentrifugation through sucrose. To determine the infectious units (IU) for use, viruses were titrated in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Before virus administration, mice were deeply anesthetized with a mixture of Ketamine (Albrecht GmbH) and Xylazine (Bayer Vital GmbH). MVA was diluted to a final concentration of 3.3 × 108 IU/ml in PBS (Biochrom GmbH), and 30 μl (107 IU) was administered intranasally.
8
Murine Myocardial Infarction Model
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Anesthesia was induced by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 100 mg/kg ketamine (Zoetis) and 10 mg/kg xylazine (Bayer Vital). Analgesia was initiated approximately 30 min before surgery by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine. To compensate for perioperative dehydration due to blood loss and perspiration, 20 ml/kg isotonic 5% glucose solution (B. Braun) in 0.9% NaCl (9 mg/ml) was applied i.p.. Ventilation was set to a positive end-inspiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 mbar, a respiratory rate of 110/min and an inspiration/expiration ratio of 1/1.5 with a small animal respirator (TSE Systems). Oxygen saturation, heart rate, and respiratory rate were monitored throughout the procedure by a MouseOX system (Starr Life Sciences). Anesthesia was maintained by addition of 0.5–2% isoflurane (AbbVie) during surgery. After right lateral positioning of the animal and skin disinfection, left lateral thoracotomy was performed between the 3rd and 4th rib. Opening of the pericardium allowed for identification of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Permanent LAD ligation was performed with one single suture in the proximal middle third of the LAD, using 8-0 prolene suture (Ethicon). After evacuating the pneumothorax, chest and skin wounds were closed using a 5-0 prolene suture (Ethicon).
9
Perfusion and Fixation of Mouse Brains
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Mice were anesthetized with a mixture of Xylazine (10 mg/kg; Bayer Vital, Germany) and ketamine (100 mg/kg; Bela-pharm GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). Using a peristaltic pump (Laborschlauchpumpe PLP33, Mercateo, Germany), the mice were transcardially perfused with 1× PBS followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS. Brains were removed from the skull and post-fixed in 4% PFA overnight (ON) at +4 °C. After fixation, the brains were moved into PBS containing 0.01% sodium azide and stored at +4 °C until sectioning. Fixed brains were sectioned coronally (70 or 100 μm) using a vibratome (Leica VT1000 S) and stored in PBS containing 0.01% sodium azide at +4 °C.
10
Transient Retinal Ischemia Induction Protocol
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The protocols for induction of transient retinal ischemia were approved by the local Bavarian authorities (55.2 DMS-2532–2-182, Germany). Ischemia was induced in one eye of 8 week old male and female C57BL/6J mice using the high intraocular pressure (HIOP) method (Pannicke et al., 2014 (link); Wagner et al., 2016 ). The other eye remained untreated and served as an internal control. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (100 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal (ip); Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), xylazine (5 mg/kg, ip; Bayer Vital, Leverkusen, Germany), and atropine sulfate (100 mg/kg, ip; Braun, Melsungen, Germany). The anterior chamber of the test eye was cannulated from the pars plana with a 30-gauge infusion needle, connected to a saline bottle. The intraocular pressure was increased to 160 mmHg for 90 minutes by elevating the bottle. After removing the needle, the animals survived for 24 hours and subsequently, they were sacrificed with carbon dioxide for tissue analyses.
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