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31 protocols using p akt

1

Western Blot Analysis of Autophagy Markers

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Cells were collected and lysed. The protein contents were determined. Samples were resolved by SDS-PAGE and electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Afterward, membranes were incubated respectively with an anti-Belcin1(1:1000 dilution, Abcam, USA), anti-LC3(1:1000 dilution, Abcam, USA), anti-phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K, 1:1000 dilution, Abcam, USA) and total PI3K (t-PI3K, 1:1000 dilution, Abcam, USA), anti-phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt, 1:1000 dilution, Millipore, USA) and total Akt (t-Akt, 1:1000 dilution, Millipore, USA), anti-mTOR (1:1000 dilution, Millipore, USA) and anti-GAPDH antibodies 1:1000 dilution, Millipore, USA) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG for 1 h at room temperature. The signals were enhanced using a chemiluminescence system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, England).
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2

Multiplex Analysis of Insulin and Cytokine Signaling

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Treated myotubes were harvested in Cell Signalling Lysis Buffer (Millipore). The following Map mates were used: p-Akt (Ser473), p-IRS1 (Tyr) and total Akt, IRS1 (Millipore) for insulin signalling analysis; p-IkBα (Ser32), p-JNK (Thr183/Tyr705), p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), p-Erk1/2 (Thr185/Tyr187), p-STAT3 (Tyr705) (all Millipore), p-NFkB p65 (Ser536) (Bio-Rad) and total IkBα, JNK, p38 MAPK, Erk1/2, STAT3 (Millipore) for cytokine signalling; human GAPDH (Millipore) in all multiplex assays for normalization of protein data analysis. Map mates were prepared and combined according to the manufacturer instructions. Phospho- and total Map mates were used in separate assays, but human GAPDH was used in each assay. First, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of phospho- and total map mates were normalized to MFI of GAPDH separately, than secondly ratios of phospho-protein to total protein were calculated to compare activation of the signalling pathways.
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3

Antibody Sourcing for Cell Signaling

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HA and Ran antibodies were obtained from Abcam (ab18181, ab157213). Kapβ2 antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (sc-11368). GAPDH and histone antibody were purchased from Cell signaling Technology (2118, 8135). PTEN, p-AKT and total AKT antibodies were purchased from Millipore, USA (04-035, 05-1003, 16-294).
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4

Protein Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Poly(l-lysine) HBr (PLL, 15-30 kDa; Sigma-Aldrich), hyaluronan (HA, 200 kDa; Lifecore), and dextran sulfate sodium salt (DXS, 20 kDa; Sigma-Aldrich) were used as-received without further modification. Antibodies included total Akt (CST 4691), cleaved caspase-3 (CST 9661), total Erk (CST 4370), pAkt (CST 4060; S473), pAkt-Alexa Fluor 488 (Millipore CS203310; S473), pErk1/2 (CST 4370; T202/204, T185/187), and pErk1/2-PE (Millipore CS203329; T202/204, T185/187).
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5

ONC201 Preclinical Evaluation Protocol

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ONC201 was utilized from Oncoceutics for in vitro and in vivo studies. ONC201 was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 10 mM stock concentration and diluted freshly to working concentrations for all in vitro studies. For in vivo experiments, the desired dose was prepared by dissolving the drug in olive oil (diluent) for oral administration (PO) via gavage. Antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, and Millipore Sigma; PARP (#9542), Bim (#2933), Mcl1 (#4572), CHOP (#2895), ATF4 (#11815), pAKT (#4060, Serine‐473 phosphorylation), AKT (#4691), p‐mTOR (#2971), mTOR (# 2972), pERK1/2 (#9101), ERK (#4695), Wee1 (#4936), TRAIL (#3219), and β‐actin (#A2228).
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6

Protein Expression Analysis in Gemcitabine-Resistant Cells

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The concentration of total protein extracted from parental and gemcitabine-resistant cells was determined with a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, USA). Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, USA) using a mini trans-blot (Bio-Rad laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Rat anti-human CIP2A, p- AKT(Millipore, Bedford, USA), and BCL2 (Abcam, MA, USA) were used to detect the expression of these proteins. β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) was used as an internal control. Electrochemiluminescence was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions and read with a Chemi lmager 5500 imaging system (Alpha Innotech Co, San Leandro, CA, USA).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Prostate Proteins

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Protein was extracted from whole-cell lysates using Kinexus Lysis Buffer with Lysis Buffer Cocktail (Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) and protein concentration was determined using BCA assay (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Subsequently, 30 μg of total protein were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and incubated with antibodies against PRMT6, H3R2me2a (1/500 Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO), H3K4me3, PSA (1/1500 and 1/6000 Abcam, Cambridge, UK), AR, mTOR (1/1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA), p21, p27 (1/500, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ), AKT (1/500, Santa Cruz Biotechnologies Inc) and pAKT (1/500, Millipore Billerica, MA), as well as histone H3 (dilution: 1:500, Abcam) and beta-actin (dilution: 1:8000, Sigma-Aldrich) as input controls, as appropriate. Blots were developed using Immun-Star™ WesternC™ Kit (BioRad, Hercules, CA). All experiments were performed in triplicate.
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8

Protein Expression Analysis in HUVECs

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Cultured HUVECs were collected in RIPA buffer to isolate total proteins (110 ). Equal amount of proteins from each sample were loaded onto sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels, which were then subjected to electrophoresis. Proteins were then transferred onto PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad), and the following antibodies were employed to detect for the proteins of interest [Cell Signaling Technology: ICAM-1 (4915S, dilution 1:1000), VCAM-1 (13662S, dilution 1:1000), eNOS (32027S, dilution 1:1000), phospho (p)-eNOS (Millipore, 07 -428-I, dilution 1:1000), AKT (4691S, dilution 1:1000), p-AKT (4060S, dilution 1:1000), cleaved-CASPASE3 (9664S, dilution 1:1000), p21 (2947S, dilution 1:1000), and GAPDH (5174S, dilution 1:1000)]. Western blot for FABP3 was performed using polyclonal antibody (ThermoFisher, PA5-92386, dilution 1:1000), and wildtype mouse total heart protein was used as a positive control. Western blots were developed using chemiluminescence substrates (Bio-Rad) and the Licor-Odyssey XF Imaging System. Densitometry was performed to measure the band intensities using the Image Studio Lite.
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptotic Markers in 293T Cells

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The 293T cells were seeded on cell culture dishes before transfection. Using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), cells were transfected with 4 µg of each plasmid according to manufacturer instructions. Assays were performed 48 h after transfection. Western blot analysis included lysates of 293T cells. Hypotonic lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium orthovanadate, sodium fluoride, pH 7.4) was added to each sample. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred electrophoretically to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk in TBST (20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20, pH 8.0) for 1 h. A monoclonal antibody against Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Akt, p-Akt (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and Fyn (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) was used as primary antibody at a dilution of 1:300, followed by treatment with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and ECL Plus Western Blot detection reagents (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
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10

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Cells were lysed using RIPA buffer supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). The protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay, and equal amounts (20–30 µg) of total protein were separated by 6–10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membranes, which were then blocked with 5% skim milk for 2 h at room temperature. The primary antibodies against ZFX (1:1,000; cat. no. ab115998; Abcam), β-Actin (1:1,000; cat. no. ab8224; Abcam), PI3K (1:1,000; cat. no. 05–212; Merck KGaA), AKT (1:1,000; cat. no. 07-383; Merck KGaA) and p-AKT (1:1,000; cat. no. 04-736; Merck KGaA) were used to incubate the membranes overnight at 4°C. Following incubation with secondary goat anti-mouse (1:2,000; cat. no. ab6789; Abcam) or goat anti-rabbit (1:2,000; cat. no. ab6721; Abcam) antibody for 2 h at room temperature, blots were visualized using ECL Detection Reagent (cat. no. P0018; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and analyzed using Image Lab software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).
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