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10 protocols using 2 mercaptobenzothiazole mbt

1

Autoradiographic Binding Assay Reagents

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192IgG-saporin
(batch 2441969) was acquired
from Millipore (Temecula, CA, USA). RRID AB_94979, [3H]-pirenzepine
(86.0 Ci/mmol, catalog no. NET80250UC), [3H]-oxotremorine
(75.8 Ci/mmol, catalog no. NET671), and [35S]GTPγS
(1250 Ci/mmol, catalog no. NEG030H250UC) were from PerkinElmer (Boston,
MA, USA). Both [3H]- and [14C]-microscales (catalog
no. ART0123A and catalog no. ARC0146, respectively) were used as standards
in the autoradiographic experiments, ARC (American Radiolabeled Chemicals,
Saint Louis, MO, USA). The β-radiation-sensitive Kodak Biomax
MR films (catalog no. 7358460), bovine serum albumin (BSA) (catalog
no. A4503), carbachol (catalog no. C4382), pirenzepine (catalog no.
P7412), oxotremorine (catalog no. O9126), atropine (catalog no. A0257)
scopolamine (catalog no. S0929), dl-dithiothreitol (DTT)
(catalog no. D5545), adenosine deaminase (ADA) (catalog no. A9876),
guanosine 5′-diphosphate (GDP) (catalog no. G7127), guanosine
5′-O-3-thiotriphosphate (GTPγS) (catalog
no. G8634), ketamine (catalog no. K2753), xylazine (catalog no. X1251),
acetylthiocholine iodide (catalog no. 01480), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole
(MBT) (catalog no. M3302), and tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA)
(catalog no. T1505) were all acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO, USA).
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2

G protein activation assay

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[35S]GTPγS (initial specific activity 1250 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Perkin Elmer (Boston MA, USA). Oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO, USA), Ki16425 was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The [14C]-microscales used as standards in the autoradiographic experiments were acquired from Amersham Biosciences-GE (Buckinghamshire, UK) and ARC (St. Louis, MO, USA), BSA (A4503), DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) and guanosine-5′-o-3-triphosphate were provided by Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) and the β-radiation sensitive films, Kodak Biomax MR, were supplied by Sigma. Finally, for the preparation of the different buffers, the treatment of slides and film development, all the compounds were of the highest commercially available quality.
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3

Sulfur Crosslinking of SBR Rubber

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SBR (KER1500) rubber with 23.5% bonded styrene and Mooney viscosity ML1 + 4 (100 °C): 50 was provided by Synthos SA (Oswiecim, Poland). It was crosslinked with sulfur in the presence of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) or 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) as accelerators (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland). Zinc oxide characterized with a specific surface area of 10 m2/g (ZnO; Huta Bedzin, Będzin, Poland), together with stearic acid (St.A.; Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland), were applied as standard activators. As an additional activator/accelerator of sulfur vulcanization, Activ8 was used in the form of Premix Acti8 containing 50% active substance (provided by Torimex-Chemicals, Konstantynów Łódzki, Poland) mixed with silica and predispersed on a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) carrier. Activ8 material is a functionalized PEO terminated with silicate compound to provide its interaction with fillers. In addition, Activ8 contains sodium dibenzyldithiocarbamate, which ensures its accelerating activity in the vulcanization process [13 ]. Carbon black N550, provided by Konimpex Chemicals (Konin, Poland), and fumed silica Aerosil 380 (Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany) were applied as fillers. The structures of two main active ingredients of Activ8 are presented in Scheme 1.
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4

Bioadditive-Enhanced Rubber Composite Synthesis

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Field horsetail (HT) was delivered by MANU JTC, s.r.o. (Opawa, Poland). Common wheat (WS) was harvested from local farms. Hydrochloric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) and citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) were used in the hydrolysis process. The polymer matrix was natural rubber (NR) supplied by Torimex-Chemicals Ltd. Sp. z.o.o (Konstatntynów Łódzki, Poland). The cross-linking system consisted of sulfur (Siarkopol, Tarnobrzeg, Poland), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany), micrometric zinc oxide (ZnO, Huta Będzin SA, Będzin, Poland) and stearin (SA, Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland).
The composition of the rubber mixture included (Table 1): natural rubber NR (100 phr-parts per hundred rubber), zinc oxide (5 phr), sulfur (2 phr), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2 phr), stearin (1 phr) and a filler (0 phr in in the case of the reference sample and 10 phr in the case of samples filled with the tested bioadditive).
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5

Natural Rubber Composites with Ionic Liquids

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Natural rubber (NR, RSS1 type, cis-1,4-polyisoprene) with a density of 0.93–0.988 g/cm3 was obtained from Torimex Chemicals, Lodz, Poland. A conventional crosslinking system containing sulfur as a crosslinker (Siarkopol, Tarnobrzeg, Poland) in the presence of a vulcanization accelerator, i.e., 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Schelldorf, Germany, was applied. Zinc oxide (ZnO) with a specific surface area of 10 m2·g−1 (Huta Bedzin, Bedzin, Poland) together with stearic acid (St.A, Sigma-Aldrich, Schelldorf, Germany) were used to activate the vulcanization. Silica AEROSIL® 380 (A380) supplied by Evonik Industries (Essen, Germany) was used as a filler. Additionally, eight ionic liquids (ILs) with characteristics given in Table 1 were applied to enhance the vulcanization and properties of NR composites. ILs were provided by IoLiTec Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany. These ILs consist of bromide or chloride anion and different cations with butyl or decyl substituents. The general structures of ILs cations are given in Figure 1.
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6

Rubber Modification Using Oak Bark Filler

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In this work, natural rubber (NR, RSS I) from Torimex-Chemicals Ltd. Sp. z o. o. (Konstantynów Łódzki, Poland) was used as the elastomeric matrix. To cure the elastomer, the following components were used:

sulfur (S8) as a cross-linking agent with a density of 1.8–2.36 g/cm3, supplied by Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland),

zinc oxide (ZnO) as a cross-linking activator with a density of 5.6 g/cm3, obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland),

2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) as a cross-linking accelerator with a density of 1.29 g/cm3, delivered from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA),

stearic acid (SA), functioning as a cross-linking activator and dispersing agent with a density of 0.94 g/cm3, obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland).

Oak bark (Quercus cortex) was used as a bio-filler, sourced from HerbaNordPol Ltd. Sp. z o. o. (Nowy Staw, Poland). For modification of the bio-filler, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane with a density of 0.88 g/cm3 was employed, supplied by abcr GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany).
As solvents to study the degree of cross-linking, the following substances were used:

toluene with a density of 0.87 g/cm3, delivered by POCh S.A. (Gliwice, Poland),

diethyl ether with a density of 0.71 g/cm3, obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland).

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7

Determination of Benzomercaptans in Water

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Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, 2-methylimidazole (Hmim), n-butylamine (BA), ethylamine and hexylamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Sodium hydroxide was obtained from Panreac Química SA (Barcelona, Spain). Acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), acetic acid (HAcO) and hydrochloric acid were from VWR International Eurolab (Barcelona, Spain). The benzomercaptans selected in this work were: 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (MBO), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and 6nitrobenzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol (NMBT), all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The structures of these compounds are given in Table S1. Deionized water was prepared in Crystal B30 EDI Adrona deionizer (Riga, Latvia). All other reagents were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated. 1 mL empty propylene disposable SPE cartridge and frits (1/16′, 20 μm) were from Análisis Vínicos (Tomelloso, Spain). Individual standard solutions of benzomercaptans (1000 mg L -1 ) were prepared in MeOH and stored at 4 ºC until its use.
Working standard solutions were done daily by appropriate dilution from these stock solutions.
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8

Radioligand Binding Assay Protocol

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[35S]GTPγS (initial specific activity 1250 Ci/mmol) and [3H]CP55,940 (initial specific activity 144 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer (Boston, MA, USA), Oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), WIN55,212-2 was purchased from Tocris, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The [14C]-microscales used as standards in the autoradiographic experiments were purchased from Amersham Biosciences (St. Louis, MO, USA). Moreover, DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) and guanosine-5′-o-3-trisphosphate were provided from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), the β-sensitive films Kodak Biomax MR were supplied from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Finally, for the preparation of the incubation buffers, the treatment of slides, re-crystallization of the matrix and films developing, several different compounds supplied from different companies were used, and all the compounds were of the highest commercially available quality for the necessity of the neurochemical studies.
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9

Curing Natural Rubber with Sulfur-Based System

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Natural rubber (NR) RSS I was obtained from Torimex-Chemicals Ltd. Sp. z o.o (Konstatntynów Łódzki, Poland). Rubber mixtures were cured using a conventional curing system containing sulfur (S) (Siarkopol, Tarnobrzeg, Poland) in the presence of zinc oxide (ZnO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), stearic acid (SA) (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland), and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
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10

EPDM Rubber Compound Formulation

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EPDM rubber (KEP330) was purchased from KUMHO Polychem., Daejeon, Korea. Slide-ring material (SH2400P) was procured from Advanced Soft Materials Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Reagent grade -zinc oxide (>99.0% assay) and stearic acid were obtained from Daejung Chem., Seoul, Korea. Sulfur (99.5%) of 325 mesh size was supplied by Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Daejeon, Korea. Other compounding ingredients, such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Seoul, Korea and used as received.
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