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45 protocols using 217 stadiometer

1

Standardized Anthropometric Measurements in Children

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Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained and calibrated researcher using standardised procedures and included weight, height and waist circumference [26 ]. Weight was measured in kilogrammes to two decimal places with an 877 Seca electronic scale. Height was assessed to the nearest 0.001 metres using a Seca 217 stadiometer. Waist circumference which was used as an indicator of central obesity was measured with a bodymorph tape to the nearest centimetre. Children’s BMI was calculated with the established formula [BMI=(weight in Kilograms/(Height in Metres x Height in Metres)], and was used to define general obesity. Definition of children’s weight status category was based on the updated UK 1990 growth reference centiles [27 (link)]. The ‘LMS Growth’ software was used to assign children in the corresponding percentiles and z-scores [28 (link), 29 ].
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2

Examining Factors Associated with Binge Eating

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Demographic characteristics assessed were sex, age, race, ethnicity, marital status, highest level of education, and current employment status. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001 (link)), which had adequate internal consistency reliability in the current sample (Cronbach’s α = 0.79). Binge eating was assessed as a continuous variable with the Binge Eating Scale (BES) (Gormally, Black, Daston, & Rardin, 1982 (link)), a measure used to assess binge eating in individuals with obesity that has adequate psychometric properties (Timmerman, 1999 ) and good reliability in this sample (Cronbach’s α = 0.87). The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-2) (Bond et al., 2011 (link)) assessed psychological flexibility and demonstrated good reliability in the current sample (Cronbach’s α = 0.90). BMI was calculated from weight and height measured by study staff using a digital scale and portable stadiometer (Seca® 876 Flat Scale; Seca® 217 Stadiometer; Seca® 437 Adapter for Flat Scale). Participants wore light clothing, removed their shoes, and were measured at least twice with data from multiple assessments being averaged. If measures differed by 0.2 kg or more for weight or 0.5 cm or more for height, measurements were repeated for a third time.
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3

Measuring Generalized and Abdominal Adiposity

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Information on demographics and self-reported health were collected by self- or interviewer-administered questionnaire. Participants were physically examined, including measurements of weight, height and WC. Height (SECA 217 stadiometer) and weight (SECA 877 scale) were measured in light clothing, and BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2). WC was measured in light clothing at the level midway between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest. Both generalized adiposity and abdominal adiposity were examined. Generalized adiposity was defined by BMI as this is the most wide-spread measure used to assess generalized adiposity. To facilitate interpretation for clinical practice, BMI was dichotomised into a binary generalized adiposity measure—obesity—defined as a BMI of ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition [24 ]. WC was used as measure for abdominal obesity and was dichotomised following WHO recommendations, i.e. abdominal obesity is WC ≥ 88 cm for women and ≥ 102 cm for men [25 ].
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4

Anthropometric Measurements in Women

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All women taking part in the study were measured and weighed to the nearest 1 mm and 0.2 kg, respectively, using SECA 899 medical scales and a SECA 217 stadiometer. BMI (Body mass index) was calculated as the ratio of body weight in kilograms to height squared, expressed in meters (kg/m2).
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5

Anthropometric Measurements: Standardized Protocol

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Somatic measurements included height and weight, which were measured with a SECA 217 stadiometer and a SECA 762 weight scale. All measurements were taken according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry's (22 ) standardized protocol.
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by height (in square meters).
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6

Longitudinal Child Growth Measurements

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Child height and weight were measured during baseline and 6-month visits using a Seca 876 scale and 217 stadiometer (Seca Corp., Hanover, MD) and BMI percentile was calculated [13 ]. A change score was calculated by subtracting baseline values from 6-month values for each participant.
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7

Metabolic Profile Characterization Protocol

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Participants completed a structured questionnaire with records on demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related behavior. Height measurement was performed without shoes with SECA 217 stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight was measured without shoes and in light clothing with SECA 877 scales to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body mass index (BMI) was determined by dividing measured body weight (kg) by height squared (m2). Fasting blood samples were drawn, and plasma samples were used to determine the concentration of glucose by spectrophotometry, using hexokinase as the primary enzyme (Roche Diagnostics, Tokyo, Japan). In this study, we defined individuals suffering from T2D according to whether they self-reported as such, had increased fasting glucose (≥7 mmol/L), or used glucose-lowering medication. Blood samples were drawn from all participants in a fasted state (>8 h of fasting). Serum TG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose, and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were measured/calculated from plasma samples, while whole blood was used to determine hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) concentrations as described previously, using an in-house assay [36 (link)]. The continuous measurements were log10-transformed prior to association testing.
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8

Standardized Anthropometric Measurements

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Child height and weight was completed by trained staff members.
Height was assessed to the closest 0.1 cm using a Seca 217 stadiometer;
weight was assessed to the closest 0.1 kg using a calibrated Seca 869 scale.
Both measurements were taken twice and then averaged, and measurements
needed to agree to less than 0.5 cm for height and 0.5 kg for weight. If the
measurements did not agree within the standard of error, a third measurement
was taken; the calculated height and/or weight was the mean of the two
closest measurements. The measured heights and weights were used to
calculate body mass index (BMI) percentile values using the CDC
calculator.24
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9

Anthropometric Measurements: Weight and Height

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Weight in pounds was measured using a portable platform Seca 813 electronic scale and height was measured using a portable Seca 217 stadiometer with measurements to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body mass index was computed using the metric system formula, weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. ).
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10

Assessing Household Status and Health

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Eligible women were consented and enrolled at the beginning of the study visit, which occurred in the morning or early afternoon depending on the woman's availability. Data collection for enrolled women consisted of questions that were administered orally by trained study staff, and responses were recorded on a Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 (Model SM-T230NU; Samsung Electronics) using Open Data Kit 2.0 software (23 ). We adopted a questionnaire that has been used to assess household socioeconomic status and food insecurity in the study area (24 (link)). We added questions on pregnancy and health history and slightly adapted some questions related to socioeconomic status based on the interests of the current study.
Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using the Seca 217 stadiometer (Seca GmbH), and weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using the Seca 874 flat scale (Seca GmbH). Participants wore minimal or light clothing; they were also asked to remove shoes and any heavy clothing or objects, such as jewelry, before weighing. Each measurement was repeated twice, and the mean was calculated. Women provided a small urine sample, and a URIT 2 V reagent strip (URIT Medical Electronic Group) was read 30 s after dipping in the urine. By color, it indicated a range of 4 categories of protein: negative/trace, 30 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL, and ≥300 mg/dL.
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