Tutor-naive juveniles (~45 d, mean ± SD: 43.8 ± 5.5 d, range: 32–57 d, n = 34) received bilateral implantation of a microdialysis probe. After 1–3 d of implantation (mean ± SD: 45.5 ± 5.8 d, range: 33–60 d, n = 34), tutoring sessions were conducted for 5 consecutive days. Each tutoring session consisted of 90-minute tutor presentation. Drug was infused into the target area (HVC, Area X, CM, or PAG) either 90 minutes before or immediately after the tutor presentation, and washed with saline 180 minutes after the injection (Fig. 3g ). The tutor bird typically sang >30 motifs in a session (See Extended Data Fig. 5e ). For a session in which the tutor did not sing any song, an additional tutoring session was conducted on the next day. As a blocker for D1- and D2-type receptors, 5 mM R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride (MilliporeSigma, D054) and 5 mM S-(−)-sulpiride (Tocris, 0895) were respectively used and dissolved into saline. To inactivate PAG, 2.5 mM muscimol (MilliporeSigma, M-1523) dissolved into saline was infused into the PAG.
R sch 23390 hydrochloride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride is a chemical compound that functions as a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. It is commonly used as a research tool in pharmacological studies to investigate the role of dopamine D1 receptors in various biological processes.
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Lab products found in correlation
S eticlopride hydrochloride, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Quinpirole hydrochloride, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dopamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
S sulpiride, by Bio-Techne (3 mentions)
Scopolamine hydrobromide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
S raclopride tartrate salt, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
M1523, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
S sulpiride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tubulin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Vu0152100 3 amino n 4 methoxybenzyl 4 6 dimethylthieno 2 3 b pyridine carboxamide, by Axon Medchem (2 mentions)
Raclopride, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Syringe pump sp200i, by World Precision Instruments (2 mentions)
Skf 38393 hydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Spiperone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dpcpx, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
P erk1 2, by Cell Signaling Technology (2 mentions)
Erk1 2, by Cell Signaling Technology (2 mentions)
β actin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Clozapine n oxide cno, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Rapamycin r 5000, by LC Laboratories (1 mentions)
36 protocols using r sch 23390 hydrochloride
1
Tutor-Guided Song Learning in Juveniles
2
Pharmacological Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex
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Cocaine (Takeda, Osaka, Japan) and clozapine N-oxide (CNO; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) were dissolved in saline for systemic injection. 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt hydrate (CNQX; MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO), (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (3-2-Cpp; MilliporeSigma), R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride (MilliporeSigma), and S(–)-raclopride (+)-tartrate salt (MilliporeSigma) were dissolved in Ringer’s solution for local infusion into the PFC.
3
Dopaminergic Signaling Pathway Investigation
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The majority of the chemicals used were purchased from Sigma, unless mentioned otherwise. Antibodies against-mTOR (#2983) pS6K T389 (#9234), S6K (#9202), pS6 S235/236 (#4858), S6 (#2217), p4EBP1 T37/46 (#2855), 4EBP1 (#9644), pAkt S473 (#4060), pAkt T308 (#13038), and Akt (#4691) were from Cell Signaling Technology. Antibodies for actin (sc-47778), A2AR (sc-32261), and D2R (sc-5303) were from Santa-Cruz Biotechnology. Ctip2 (ab18465) antibody was from Abcam. GFP antibody (AB3080), (+/−)-Quinpirole dihydrochloride (Q111), Haloperidol (H1512), and R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride (D054) were purchased from MilliporeSigma. SKF 81297 hydrobromide (1447) was from R&D systems. Rapamycin (R-5000) was purchased from LC laboratories . Haloperidol was initially dissolved in glacial acetic acid, then its pH was adjusted close to 7 with NaOH, and final dilution was made in saline solution (0.9 %). Rapamycin was dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 15% PEG-400 (polyethylene glycol, molecular weight 400), and 5% Tween-20, and finally dissolved in saline solution for injection. SCH23390, SKF81297, and Quinpirole were dissolved in saline solution. All the drugs were administrated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection.
4
Tutor-Guided Song Learning in Juveniles
5
Dopamine Modulation of Bird Song
6
Methyleugenol Effects on Rodent Behavior
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Methyleugenol (ME) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA), Diazepam (Cristália, Itapira, SP, Brazil), Distilled water (Federal University of Paraíba [UFPB], João Pessoa, PB, Brazil), Dexamethasone (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), Ethanol (Vetec, Duque de Caxias, Brazil), R (+)-SCH23390 Hydrochloride (Sigma, USA), Imipramine (Cristália, Itapira, SP, Brazil), p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (Sigma, USA), Prazosin (Sigma, USA), Sucrose (Vetec, Brazil), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoelate, Sigma, USA).
We prepared the substances in their doses minutes before use. The decimal concentrations used allowed the injection of 0.1 mL/10 g of animal weight. Methyleugenol was dissolved in distilled water with the help of Tween 80, in doses 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, for intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. For the negative control, Tween 80 1% in distilled water (i.p.) was used.
We diluted the other drugs in distilled water or 0.9% saline solution. We administered them i.p. (Methyleugenol, saline, Imipramine, Prazosin, and PCPA) or subcutaneously (s.c.) (Dexamethasone and SCH23390).
We prepared the substances in their doses minutes before use. The decimal concentrations used allowed the injection of 0.1 mL/10 g of animal weight. Methyleugenol was dissolved in distilled water with the help of Tween 80, in doses 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, for intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. For the negative control, Tween 80 1% in distilled water (i.p.) was used.
We diluted the other drugs in distilled water or 0.9% saline solution. We administered them i.p. (Methyleugenol, saline, Imipramine, Prazosin, and PCPA) or subcutaneously (s.c.) (Dexamethasone and SCH23390).
7
Antidepressant Activity of Apigenin
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“Beijing Mesochem Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)” provided apigenin (purity: 98.20 percent by HPLC). The rest of the chemicals required for this investigation were obtained from well-known suppliers, and the labels were recorded for future use. Ondansetron hydrochloride, p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, α-methyl-para-tyrosine methyl ester (AMPT), R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride, sulpiride, phentolamine hydrochloride, and propranolol were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium chloride (0.9 percent) was used for dissolving all compounds except AMPT, whereas, the solution of AMPT was made in 10% Tween 80. Apigenin (25 and 50 mg/kg was given orally (Redrobe et al., 1998 (link)) three times before the test sessions, at 24, 5, and 1 h (Shoubaky et al., 2016 (link)). The standard antidepressant fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, oral) (Castagné et al., 2011 ) was used to compare antidepressant activities. Except for SCH23390, which was given subcutaneously, all other compounds were given by intraperitoneal route (10 ml/kg).
8
Neurotransmitter Stock Solution Preparation
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Dopamine (DA) hydrochloride (1 M stock, H8602, Sigma-Aldrich), serotonin hydrochloride (50 mM stock, 14332, CAY), and L-adrenaline (epinephrine) (5 mM stock, A0173, TCI) were dissolved in 10 mM HCl. L-noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate (1 M stock, A0906, TCI), sodium L-glutamate monohydrate (10 mM stock, G0188, TCI), 4-aminobutyric acid (100 mM stock, A0282, TCI), histamine (100 mM stock, 18111–71, Nacalai Tesque), acetylcholine chloride (10 mM stock, A6625, Sigma-Aldrich), R( +)-SCH 23390 hydrochloride (10 mM stock, D054, Sigma-Aldrich), and octopamine hydrochloride (10 mM stock, O0413, TCI) were each dissolved separately in distilled water. SKF 81297 hydrobromide (10 mM stock, 1447, TOCRIS), haloperidol hydrochloride (20 mM stock, 0931, TOCRIS), yohimbine hydrochloride (20 mM stock, 1127, TOCRIS), and tyramine (10 mM stock, A0302, TCI) were dissolved in DMSO. Compound solutions were then subdivided into aliquots and stored at − 20 °C until use. A working solution of 1 M DA was stored at 4 °C for 3 weeks prior to use.
9
Dopamine Receptor Antagonists Modulate Neurotransmitter Effects
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The NT (Sigma–Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, N 6383) and the D1-like DA receptor antagonist (R)-(+)-SCH23390-hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, D054) were dissolved in a 0.15 M sterile saline solution containing 0.01 M Na-acetate and 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline. The D2-like DA receptor antagonist (S)-(-)-sulpiride (Sigma–Aldrich Co., S7771) was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl, and after the addition of the phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) it was titrated with 0.1 N NaOH. NT was microinjected at a dose of 100 ng, SCH23390 at 1 μg and sulpiride at a dose of 4 μg. The dose of NT was determined based on the effective dose of NT in the VP in the earlier behavioural experiments conducted by our research group [31 (link),32 (link)]. The doses of the DA receptor antagonists were determined based on pilot experiments and on effective dose ranges blocking the effect of NT in other brain areas [27 (link)]. Control rats received the corresponding vehicle solution in the same volume (0.4 μL). All mentioned doses were applied per side.
10
Pharmacological Agents in Synaptic Regulation
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