Vanillin

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxy phenol (DMP), syringaldazine (SGZ), and methyl syringate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). FB₁ (fumonisin B₁) and OTA (ocharatoxin A) were purchased from Pribolab (Beijing, China). DNA polymerase, T4 ligase, acetonitrile, and trifluoroacetic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Vanillin, p-coumaric, syringic acid, syringaldehyde, caffeic acid, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), gallic acid, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), and kanamycin were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Ni-NTA agarose was purchased from QIAGEN (Hilden, Germany). The fungal laccase from Ganoderma sp. was purchased from Sunson (Yinchuan, Ningxia, China). Plant extracts from E. brevicornu, C. sativus L., L. angustifolia, A. officinalis, and S. tenuifolia were purchased from Ciyuan Biotech (Xi’an, Shanxi, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade or chromatographically pure, and were commercially available.

All reagents used in the extractions were of analytical grade. Methanol, ethanol, n-hexane, hydrochloric acid, chloroform, anhydrous sodium carbonate, aluminum nitrate, Tris-HCl buffer, potassium ferricyanide, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium nitrite, trichloroacetic acid, potassium persulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, (Shanghai, China). Ascorbic acid, vanillin, catechin, gallic acid, chelerythrine, quercetin, Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, acetylthiocholine iodine (ATCI), s-butyrylthiocholine iodine (BTCI), and 5,5-dithiobis- (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) were purchased from Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)