L carnitine hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

L-carnitine hydrochloride is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring compound L-carnitine. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. L-carnitine hydrochloride is commonly used as a component in various pharmaceutical and nutritional products.

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L-carnitine (108 citations) Carnitine (61 citations) Carnitine hydrochloride (3 citations) Acetyl-d3-L-carnitine hydrochloride (3 citations) Hydrochlorides (2 citations) Deuterated L-carnitine-methyl-d3-hydrochloride (2 citations)

5 protocols using l carnitine hydrochloride

Mitochondrial Function Assay Protocol

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Endothelin-1 (ET1), compound C, β-actin antibody, l-carnitine hydrochloride, oligomycin, carbonylcyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), rotenone, antimycin A, and etomoxir were from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO). CB-13 and the JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit were from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Calcein-AM (Molecular Probes) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1β primers were from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). p-AMPKα (Thr172) and AMPKα antibodies were from Cell Signaling (2535S and 2603S, respectively; Whitby, Canada). CB1 and CB2 antibodies were from Abcam (ab23703 and ab45942, respectively; Toronto, Canada). Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α antibody was from EMD Millipore (ST1202; Temecula, CA). XF24 FluxPaks were from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA).

Lu Y., Lee D.I., Roy Chowdhury S., Lu P., Kamboj A., Anderson C.M., Fernyhough P, & Anderson H.D. (2019). Activation of Cannabinoid Receptors Attenuates Endothelin-1–Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rat Ventricular Myocytes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 75(1), 54-63.

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Maturation of iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes

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A maturation medium (MM) was prepared as previously described [22 (link)]. RPMI -glucose medium was supplemented with 3 mM D-(+)-glucose (Sigma), 10 mM sodium L-lactate (Sigma), 5 mM creatine monohydrate (Sigma), 2 mM taurine (Sigma), 2 mM L-carnitine hydrochloride (Sigma), 500 mM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (Sigma), 1× MEM non-essential amino acid solution (Gibco, New York, NY, USA), 5 mg/ml vitamin B12 (Sigma), 0.82 mM biotin (Sigma), 0.5% AlbuMAX I lipid-rich BSA (Gibco), and 1% KnockOut Serum replacement (Gibco), then pH adjusted to 7.4 and 0.2 µm-filter sterilized (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). In the current study, iPSC-CMs were shifted to MM for 48 h prior to analysis.

Barndt R.J., Liu Q., Tang Y., Haugh M.P., Cui J., Chan S.Y, & Wu H. (2022). Metabolic Maturation Exaggerates Abnormal Calcium Handling in a Lamp2 Knockout Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Model of Danon Disease. Biomolecules, 13(1), 69.

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AMPA and NMDA Receptor Modulation in Neuronal Cultures

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Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), Bicuculline methochloride, L-NAME hydrochloride, Glycine, Domoic acid, (R)-(+)-Methanandamide, L-arginine, Acetyl-L-carnitine chloride, UK 14304, Telenzepine dihydrochloride (Tocris Bioscience, UK); Hank’s Balanced salt solution (HBSS), neurobasal medium, B-27 Supplement, fetal bovine serum, fetal calf serum (Gibco); penicillin-streptomycin solution (Dalhimfarm, Russia); 0.1% poly-l-lysine; L-glutamine, L-glutamate, NBQX hydrate, (+)-MK-801 hydrogen maleate, NAAG, Betaine monohydrate, L-carnitine hydrochloride, P-F-HHSiD (p-Fluorohexahydro-sila-difenidol hydrochloride), Methoctramine hydrate, Nystatin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA); KCl (Chimmed, Russia); embryo calf serum (MP Biomedicals, USA); 4% gentamicin (Dalhimfarm, Russia); versene (Paneco, Russia); Fura-2 AM (Invitrogen, USA).
All animal studies were performed in accordance with the legal requirements and were approved by the Animal Ethic Committees of both institutes.

Dynnik V.V., Kononov A.V., Sergeev A.I., Teplov I.Y., Tankanag A.V, & Zinchenko V.P. (2015). To Break or to Brake Neuronal Network Accelerated by Ammonium Ions?. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0134145.

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Recombinant CROT-FLAG Protein Purification and Enzymatic Activity Assay

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H327A-CROT-FLAG expression plasmid vector was made using CROT (NM_021151) Human Tagged ORF Clone (OriGene, RC207888) and site mutagenesis. HEK293 cells were transfected with CROT-FLAG or H327A-CROT-FLAG plasmid vector using Lipofectamine^™ 3000 Transfection Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Cat#: L3000015) according to manufacturer’s protocol. 2 days after the transfection, cells were harvested using Pierce^™ IP Lysis Buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Cat#: 87788). CROT-FLAG and H327A-CROT-FLAG proteins were purified using ANTI-FLAG® M2 Affinity Gel (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., Cat#: A2220) according to manufacturer’s protocol. Enzymaticactivity of CROT and H327A-CROT was measured using 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 μg recombinant CROT-FLAG or H327A-CROT-FLAG incubated with 500 μM Octanoyl coenzyme A lithium salt hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., Cat#: O6877), 2 mM L-Carnitine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., Cat#: C0283) and 125 μM Aldrithiol^™−4 (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., Cat#: 143057) in 0.2 mL of 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Absorbance was measured at 324 nm on a 96-well plate reader.

Okui T., Iwashita M., Rogers M.A., Halu A., Atkins S.K., Kuraoka S., Abdelhamid I., Higashi H., Ramsaroop A., Aikawa M., Singh S.A, & Aikawa E. (2020). Carnitine O-octanoyltransferase is a novel contributing factor in vascular calcification via promoting fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 41(2), 755-768.

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Liquid Diet and L-Carnitine Effects on Parotid Gland

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The present study was carried out on 30 adult male albino rats, weighing 180-250 g. They were kept on a 12 h light-dark cycle and given food and water ad libitum. They were randomly divided into three groups (10 per group): (1) Control group (G1) (n = 10): rats were fed on regular pellet diet. (2) Liquid diet group (G2) (n = 10): rats were fed a liquid diet, prepared by mixing two parts of water with one part of a powdered diet of the above pellet diet. (3) Liquid diet supplemented with L-car group (G3) (n = 10): rats L-car (100 mg/kg) was given via intraperitoneal route for 10 days [9] . L-carnitine hydrochloride (C0283) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. One month from the beginning of the experiment, all animals were euthanised by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. The parotid glands were dissected for histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis.

ElGhamrawy T.A. (2015). The effect of liquid diet on the parotid gland and the protective role of L-carnitine: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Folia morphologica, 74(1).

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