Pivalephrine

The 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was obtained from Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Isoflurane, mannitol, and Ca Test Kits were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Methylcellulose type SM-4 (MC) was supplied by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Lanosterol and the LPO Assay Kit (BIOXYTECH^® LPO-586^TM) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan) and OXIS International, Inc. (Portland, OR, USA), respectively. The Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit was provided by Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). Benoxil (0.4%) and pivalephrine (0.1%) were obtained from Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Calpain Activity Fluorometric Assay Kits were provided by BioVision Inc. (San Francisco, CA, USA). All other chemicals were of the highest purity commercially available.

NIL powder (NIL microcrystals, NIL-MPs), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Ca Test Kits, and d-mannitol were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), and Cell Count Reagent SF was obtained from Nacalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was provided from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), and pivalephrine (0.1%) was purchased from Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit was provided by Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA), and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was obtained from Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Fluorescein was provided from Alcon Japan Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). An LPO Assay Kit (BIOXYTECH^® LPO-586™) was obtained from OXIS International, Inc. (Portland, OR, USA), and the SM-4-type methylcellulose (MC) was supplied by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest purity commercially available.

Lan, rottlerin, dynasore, and Cell Count Reagent SF were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan), and a lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay kit (BIOXYTECH^® LPO-586^TM) was provided by OXIS International, Inc. (Portland, Oregon, USA). Nystatin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Ham’s F12 (DMEM/F12) were purchased from GIBCO (Tokyo, Japan). Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and a Bio-Rad protein assay kit were obtained from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) and Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA), respectively. Ca test kits, mannitol, cytochalasin D, and isoflurane were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), and 0.1% pivalephrine and 0.4% benoxil were purchased from Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). MC (type SM-4) and HPCD was supplied by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. SUPER FIX was provided by Kurabo Industries (Osaka, Japan). Calpain Activity Fluorometric Assay Kits were purchased from BioVision Inc. (San Francisco, CA, USA).