O phtalaldehyde

The following materials were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used to assemble composite coatings on Ti surface: powders of HAP (particles < 200 nm), chitosan (medium molecular weight (190-310) kDa, degree of deacetylation 75-85 %), and gentamicin sulfate solution (50 mg/mL in dH2O). Pure graphene nanopowder (99.2 %) with average graphene nanoflakes thickness of 12 nm was purchased from Graphene Supermarket, USA. Before EPD, titanium plates (15 × 10 × 0.25 mm, 99.7 %) were mechanically polished and ultrasonicated (15 min in acetone). Methanol, ophtalaldehyde, 2-mercaptoethanol, boric acid, sodium hydroxide, and 2-propanol (all purchased from Merck, Germany) were used for gentamicin derivatization procedure. The mobile phase consisted of sodium octanesulfonate and glacial acetic acid (Merck, Germany).

All chemicals and reagents were purchased from commercial sources. Luria-Bertani broth (LB) was purchased from Biomaxima (Lublin, Poland); Columbia Blood Agar was bought from Graso Biotech (Starogard Gdanski, Poland); and Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose (YPD) was obtained from A&A Biotechnology (Gdynia, Poland). Bile salts, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), phenol, xylene, Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA), DNase agar with toluidine blue, cholesterol-PEG600, o-phtalaldehyde, and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, absolute ethanol, n-hexane, and sulfuric acid were bought from POCH (Gliwice, Poland), and potassium hydroxide was purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland). Antibiotic disks (chloramphenicol (30 μg), azithromycin (15 μg), linezolid (30 μg), rifampin (5 μg), penicillin (10 units), trimethoprim (5 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamycin (10 μg), and kanamycin (30 μg)) were obtained from Oxoid (Basingstoke, UK). API® CH 50 kit was bought from Biomerieux (Marcy-l'Étoile, France). Ultrapure water (18.0 Ω) was obtained with the Milli-Q Advantage A10 System (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).