All experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 2% relative humidity. Pure (deionized) water was obtained from DI water system (ELGA) and the initial volume of the water droplet was controlled to be 8 μl for all experiments. For the mass evaluation, the electronic mass balance (EX224G, Ohaus) with 0.1 mg readability was utilized. Prior to evaporation, a 8-μl-volume pure water droplet was delivered from a micro pipette on the substrate. All droplets were gently put on the horizontal substrate before tilting the substrate to the correct inclination. The mass of the droplet was measured automatically for every 1 second during evaporation. For the shape and the volume evaluation, the drop shape analyzer (DSA25, Krüss) with back light and a CCD camera was adopted. The acquisition of the image was taken automatically for every 10 seconds. The data for radius and contact angle of droplets were acquired in real time from drop shape images with the general conic section method (tangent method 1, Krüss DSA25).
Dsa25
Manufactured by Krüss
Sourced in Germany, United States
The DSA25 is a piece of lab equipment manufactured by Krüss. It is a drop shape analysis system that is used to measure the contact angle and surface tension of liquid samples.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Diiodomethane, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Advance 1, by Krüss (3 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (3 mentions)
Nicolet is50, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Verios g4, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Advance software, by Krüss (2 mentions)
Jem 2100, by JEOL (2 mentions)
Ex224g, by Ohaus (1 mentions)
Talos f200x, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Thermo nicolet in10, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Geminisem 450, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Solver next, by NT-MDT (1 mentions)
Rhodamine b, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
X cite 120q, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Axiocam 506 mono, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Axio imager m2p, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Jem 2100f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Merlin compact, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
X pert pro, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
106 protocols using dsa25
1
Water Droplet Evaporation Dynamics
2
Comprehensive Material Characterization
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SEM measurements were conducted using a field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FEI Verios G4) at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. TEM analysis was performed on a transmission electron microscope (FEI Talos F200X) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. XRD patterns were measured on a Bruker D8 advance diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å). Contact angles tests were performed on a KRUSS DSA25 from 0–180°.
3
Contact Angle Measurement of Leather
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The contact angle (CA) was measured using an optical contact angle meter system (DSA25, KRUSS, Hamburg, Germany) by dropping 20 µL of deionized water onto the leather surface at room temperature. The final values was the average, determined over five different locations for each sample.
4
Characterization of PVA/PSf Composite Membranes
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The morphology and structure of the prepared composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a Zeiss GeminiSEM 450. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra for the membrane samples were obtained by a Thermo scientific spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet iN10, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, USA) by scanning the wavenumbers ranging from 500 to 4000 cm−1. The hydrophilicity of the prepared membranes was determined by the contact angle measurement with a Drop Shape Analyzer (KRUSS, DSA25, KRÜSS GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). The swelling degree (SD) of the prepared PVA/PSf composite membranes was evaluated by the weight ratio between the dried and wetted membranes [36 (link)]. The membrane samples were dried in a vacuum oven (45 °C) for at least 24 h and weighed immediately. After that, the membranes were placed in a closed saturated water vapors container to get fully humidified. By removing the surface water on the samples with tissue paper, the wetted membranes were weighed again.
where Ws and Wd are the weight (g) of the swelling membrane sample at saturation and the weight of a dried membrane, respectively.
where Ws and Wd are the weight (g) of the swelling membrane sample at saturation and the weight of a dried membrane, respectively.
5
Measuring Dynamic Contact Angles of Nanofibers
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Under ambient conditions, the dynamic contact angles of nanofibers were measured under ambient conditions using a contact angle meter (DSA 25; KRUSS, Hamburg, Germany). Deionized water was chosen as the liquid for contact angle measurement. A water droplet (0.05 mL) was placed on the nanofiber membrane’s surface, and the contact angle was measured for 1 to 30 s.
6
Electrode Surface Characterization and Electrochemical Analysis
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Characterization
of the electrode surface morphology was observed by using an atomic
force microscope Solver Next (NT-MDT, Russia) in semi-contact mode.
Wettability of the obtained composites was characterized by contact
angle measurements using a drop shape analyzer Kruss DSA25 (Germany).
Electrochemical measurements were performed using a CompactStat
instrument (Ivium, Netherlands) in a standard two-electrode cell at
room temperature (22 °C). The AT-based electrode was used as
the working electrode and a 3 M Ag/AgCl/KCl (type 6.0733.100, Metrohm
AG) as the reference electrode. The membrane was fully covered by
the solution, but there was no direct contact between the exposed
carbon adhesive-tape and the solution. The activity coefficients were
calculated by the Debye–Hückel approximation. After
the measurements, the electrodes were air-dried and stored with using
storage corresponding salt solution. Several calibration curves with
the primary analyte in highly concentrated background standard solutions
(1–16 mM for potassium ions, 20–160 mM for sodium ions)
were prepared. Knowing the concentration of the standard solutions
and the limit of detection, the selectivity coefficient was obtained.
The electrochemical cell volume was 20 mL. The background solution
for bacteria measurements was phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.2).
of the electrode surface morphology was observed by using an atomic
force microscope Solver Next (NT-MDT, Russia) in semi-contact mode.
Wettability of the obtained composites was characterized by contact
angle measurements using a drop shape analyzer Kruss DSA25 (Germany).
Electrochemical measurements were performed using a CompactStat
instrument (Ivium, Netherlands) in a standard two-electrode cell at
room temperature (22 °C). The AT-based electrode was used as
the working electrode and a 3 M Ag/AgCl/KCl (type 6.0733.100, Metrohm
AG) as the reference electrode. The membrane was fully covered by
the solution, but there was no direct contact between the exposed
carbon adhesive-tape and the solution. The activity coefficients were
calculated by the Debye–Hückel approximation. After
the measurements, the electrodes were air-dried and stored with using
storage corresponding salt solution. Several calibration curves with
the primary analyte in highly concentrated background standard solutions
(1–16 mM for potassium ions, 20–160 mM for sodium ions)
were prepared. Knowing the concentration of the standard solutions
and the limit of detection, the selectivity coefficient was obtained.
The electrochemical cell volume was 20 mL. The background solution
for bacteria measurements was phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.2).
7
Measuring Root Surface Hydrophobicity
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The hydrophobicity of root surfaces was determined by [25 (link),26 (link)], as follows: the cultivated rice root was placed on sterile filter paper until dry, followed by fixation onto the slide with double-sided tape. The contact angles were measured by the sessile drop method using a video-based optical contact angle measuring device DSA25 (Kruss, Germany). DDI water droplets (1.0 μL, n = 6) were deposited on the fixed roots in distances of a few millimeter. The shape of each drop was captured in a video sequence of which the contact angle after 5 s was evaluated using the Advance software (Kruss ADVANCE 1.7.2.1, Germany). Glass surfaces and polystyrene surfaces were evaluated as control.
8
Optical Contact Angle and Microfluidic Imaging
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An optical contact angle measurement tool (DSA25, Krüss GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) is used to determine the equilibrium contact angles of water on the chip surface, which is obtained by averaging five measurement results at different locations on each chip. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 4 . Optical inspections of the fluid flow in the microvalve structures are performed using an Axio Imager M2p (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) upright fluorescent microscope (see Figure 4 a) equipped with a 20× objective with numerical aperture of 0.4 (Zeiss Objective LD Plan-Neofluar 20×/0.4 Corr M27, 421350-9971-000). The microscope is configured with a mercury vapor short arc lamp (X-Cite 120Q, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) and appropriate fluorescent filter sets for illumination and signal detection. Image acquisition is performed using a CCD camera (Axiocam506 mono, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). The chips are tested by using deionized water mixed with a fluorescence dye, Rhodamine B (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The mixture has a contact angle similar to pure water. The silicon chip is covered by a thin PDMS film to enclose the fluidic channels. The fluid situation in the microfluidic chip can be clearly observed using the Rhodamine B solution (as shown in Figure 4 b).
9
Surface Wettability Characterization
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The water contact angle (WAC) of the sample surface was measured by the contact angle measuring instrument (KRUSS DSA25, Germany). The samples were placed on the platform of the contact angle measuring instrument, and then the deionized water droplets were dropped on the surface of the foam sample by hanging drop method, each drop was 2 μL, and the corresponding static WCA value was measured. The WCA values after 20 min were also collected. The average value of the five values was calculated.
10
Surface Tension and Contact Angle Measurement
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The surface tension and contact angle were measured at 25 °C with a drop shape analyser (DSA25, Kruss GmbH, Germany) using the pendant drop method and sessile drop method, respectively (n = 3). The Young-Laplace equation and the circle fitting method were used to calculate the surface tension and the contact angle. In the process of measuring the contact angle, the powder was pressed into a 25 mm thin sheet using a tablet press under a pressure of 20 MPa to avoid the influence of the surface roughness.
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