Hydrochloric acid (hcl)

Sodium tellurite (NaTeO₃, >99.99%), bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, >90%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, >90%), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, MW ≈ 40 000) and ethylene glycol (EG) were all purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ethylenediamine (C₂H₈N₂) (99%) was obtained from Acros. Graphite powder (325 mesh), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, >90%), concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), anhydrous acetone and isopropanol were supplied by Sinopharm. All the chemicals were used as received without further purification.

AM (99%) was purchased
from Jining Hongwei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong, China). 2-AM-2-methylpropylsulfonic
acid (AMPS, 99%) was purchased from Jinan Beate Chemical Co., Ltd.
(Shandong, China). LPT nanoparticles (99%, average size: 28 nm) were
provided by Nanjing Baiyike New Material Technology Co., LTD (Jiangsu,
China). The reagents including ammonium persulfate (APS, 99%), MBA
(99%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.5%)
were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai,
China), which were of AR grade. All chemicals and reagents were used
without further purification. Freshwater and formation water were
used in these experiments. The formation water was provided by the
Ansai Oilfield (Shanxi, China), and its ionic content is given in Table 1.

Ethyleneglycol, anhydrous ethanol, sodium acetate anhydrous, iron(iii) chloride hexahydrate, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), concentrated ammonium aqueous solution (25 wt%), sodium citrate, silver nitrate, sodium nitrite, hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate, acetonitrile, potassium chloride and sodium chloride were purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Salbutamol (SAL), sulfanilic acid, 2,2′-benzidinedisulfonic acid, clenbuterol hydrochloride, l-lysine monohydrate, aminoacetic acid, glycerol and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) contained NaCl (100 mM) and 10 mM Na₂HPO₄/KH₂PO₄, were bought from Aladdin Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water (Millipore) with a resistivity of 18 MΩ cm was used in all experiments.
2.39 mg SAL was dissolved in 10 mL methanol (1.0 × 10⁻³ M) and kept in the dark at 4 °C as stock solution. Then its standard solution was obtained by diluting the stock solution to the desired concentration with distilled water.

l-Histidine, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, 1-bromohexane, and 1,4-dioxane were provided by Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Methanol and hydrochloric acid (38%) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

ODA (99.5%) and ODPA (99.5%) were purchased from Changzhou Sunlight Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. DMSO was purchased from Shanghai Taitan Technology Co. Ltd. and dried with molecular sieves before use. Acetic anhydride (analytical reagent), triethylamine (analytical reagent), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 6.0 to 38.0%), and lithium fluoride (LiF, analytical reagent) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. The MAX phase of Ti₃AlC₂ was provided by Jilin 11 Technology Co. Ltd.