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6 protocols using nd2o3

1

Rare-Earth Doped Nanocrystal Synthesis

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Gd2O3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Yb2O3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Er2O3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Nd2O3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Tm2O3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), CaCl2 (Synth), NaOH (Synth), NH4F (Merck), methanol (CH3OH, Synth), 1-octadecene (ODE, Aldrich), oleic acid (OA, Aldrich), cyclohexane (Synth, Brazil), and ethanol (C2H5OH, Synth, Brazil) were used in this work. All chemicals were used without further purification.
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2

Nickel Foam-based CuCo(5-NIPA)-Nd2O3 Composite Electrode

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Considering the high porosity and conductivity of nickel foam, it was utilized as a current collector. Before being used to fabricate the electrode, the nickel foam was cleaned using ethanol, DI water, and 3 M HCl and then dried at 60 °C. Nd2O3 was used without any further purification and was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. For synthesizing the CuCo(5-NIPA)–Nd2O3 composite electrode, a slurry was made by physical blending a mixture of 5% NMP, 40% Nd2O3, 40% CuCo(5-NIPA), 10% PVDF, and 10% carbon black acetylene. Before deposition, the mixture was completely blended overnight using a hot plate magnetic stirrer at 350 RPM. After that, the slurry was poured on the nickel foam and then heated in a furnace for an additional 3 h at 90 °C to complete the fabrication process.
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3

Rare Earth Oxide-based Thin Film Synthesis

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Er2O3 (99.9%), Yb2O3 (99.9%), Tm2O3 (99.9%), Nd2O3 (99.9%), tantalum ethoxide (99.98%), 2-ethoxyethanol (99%) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Anhydrous ethanol (≤0.005% H2O) was obtained from Merck. HCL PA-ACS-ISO (37wt%) were acquired from Panreac.
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4

Electrochemical Analysis of Nanomaterials

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Type A water (ultrapure) was obtained from a Wasselab Purifier System (Spain). Ethanol, phosphoric acid, NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 were obtained from Merck (Germany). PCM, K4Fe(CN)6, SWCNTs (0.78 nm) and Nd2O3 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Electrolyte solutions were prepared in a pH range from 2.0 to 7.0 with 0.010 mol/L phosphoric acid, sodium phosphate and disodium phosphate solutions.
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5

Solid-State Synthesis of Gd-Nd Oxide Ceramics

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All of the samples were synthesized through solid state reactions with Gd 2 O 3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), Nd 2 O 3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), Al 2 O 3 (99.99%, Alfa Aesar), SiO 2 (99.95%, Alfa Aesar), Ga 2 O 3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 (99%, Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) and V 2 O 5 (99.99%, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) as precursors, which were weighed in a stoichiometric manner such that the chemical reactions listed below are valid. The doping level (x) was defined as [Nd][Nd]+[Gd] . The precursors were mixed using a mortar and pestle, after which they were heated to the temperatures mentioned below, with a heating rate of 300 ° C/h. The ovens used for synthesis operated in an air atmosphere.
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6

Synthesis of BaNd1-xCaxInO4-x/2 Compounds

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BaNd1–xCaxInO4–x/2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20,
0.25, and
0.30) compounds were prepared by the solid-state reaction method.
Stoichiometric amounts of Nd2O3 (99.9% purity,
Alfa Aesar, pre-dried at 800 °C, 6 h), BaCO3 (99.999%
purity, Sigma-Aldrich), In2O3 (99.9% purity,
Alfa Aesar), and CaCO3 (99.99% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) were
mixed and calcined at 1000 °C in static laboratory air for 14
h to decompose the carbonates and eliminate the CO2. The
resulting ashes were then ball-milled (Planetary Micro Mill/300 rpm
for 6 h) into a fine powder, pressed, and sintered at 1300 °C
in air for 24 h with a heating/cooling rate of 5 °C per min to
form the pellet-shaped samples. To obtain samples of high relative
density, the ceramic pellet was crushed and ball-milled again into
a fine powder, which then went through a uniaxial and isostatic pressing
(∼290 MPa) process to form pellet samples. After being sintered
at 1400 °C in air for another 24 h with a heating/cooling rate
of 5 °C per min, pellets with 95–98% relative density
were prepared. Samples are referred to in the following as BNCxx, where xx refers to the mol % Ca substitution.
In this notation, the BaNd0.80Ca0.20InO3.90 is defined as BNC20.
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