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Sepharose beads

Manufactured by Qiagen
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Sepharose beads are a type of cross-linked agarose-based chromatography medium used for the purification and separation of biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They provide a high surface area for ligand immobilization and efficient adsorption and desorption of target molecules.

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4 protocols using sepharose beads

1

Production and Purification of Recombinant Carp Cytokines

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Recombinant carp interferon gamma 2 (Ifn-γ) was produced as described previously15 (link). Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE (12% Tris–HCl, Bio-Rad) stained with GelCode Blue Stain Reagent (Thermo Scientific) revealed proteins were at least 95% pure and the chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate end-point test (Charles River Laboratories) showed that the residual endotoxin content was below detection limit (< 0.15 EU).
Recombinant carp Il-4/13b1 (previously named Il-4/13B) was produced essentially as described previously90 (link) and the expression plasmid90 (link) a kind gift of Professor T. Moritomo and Dr. F. Katakura, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Nihon University. In short, the poly-His-tagged Il-4/13b1 protein was expressed in Rosetta-gami B (DE3) pLysS Competent cells (Novagen) and purified using sepharose beads (Qiagen) followed by gel chromatography size exclusion using Superdex 200 Prep Grade 26/600 column (GE Healthcare). Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE (12% Tris–HCl, Bio-Rad) stained with GelCode Blue Stain Reagent (Thermo Scientific) revealed that proteins were at least 95% pure and residual endotoxin content was shown to be < 0.005 EU/ml (EndoZyme II Recombinant Factor C (rFC) Assay, Hyglos GmbH).
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2

Affinity Purification of Ubiquitin Conjugates

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Ubiquitylated proteins were purified from 50 OD600 equivalents of exponentially growing yeast cells expressing 6His-tagged ubiquitin as previously described33 . 6His-ubiquitin conjugates were retained on nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose beads (Qiagen) and eluted (eluate, E) in the presence of 300 mM (Stp1-HA, Stp1-RI17-33-HA) or 500 mM (Stp2-HA, Stp2Δ2-13-HA) imidazole. Total extracts (T), flow through (F) and eluate fractions were precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid, analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with antibodies against the HA tag (1:5,000, Roche) and the signals were recorded using autoradiographic film (CL-Xposure, Thermo Scientific). As controls, levels of ubiquitin conjugates and Pgk1 were assessed with anti-His5 (1:5,000, Qiagen) and anti-Pgk1 antibodies (1:10,000, In Vitrogen), respectively, and detected by chemiluminescence using SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Thermo Scientific) and a Molecular Imager ChemDoc XRS+ with Image Lab v3 build 11 software (BioRad). Loaded T and F fractions correspond to 2% (Stp1-HA or Stp1-RI17-33-HA) and 0.7% (Stp2-HA or Stp2Δ2-13-HA) of the amount used for purification of ubiquitin conjugates.
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3

Recombinant SelT Protein Expression

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Rat SelT cDNA devoid of signal peptide sequence was amplified from PC12 cells and cloned in the pGEM-T vector (Promega). Sequence mutagenesis was conducted by using the QuikChange® II XL site-directed mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies) to delete the putative transmembrane domain and to convert the Cys-X-X-Sec motive to Cys-X-X-Cys or Ser-X-X-Ser (Fig. 1). The nucleotide sequence of all constructs was verified by DNA sequencing (Beckman Coulter Genomics). The different cDNAs were then subcloned in the pET28 vector (Millipore) for protein expression in BL21 bacteria. Protein synthesis was induced by adding 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG; Sigma-Aldrich). Bacterial homogenates were centrifuged and incubated for 1 h with equilibrated sepharose beads coupled to Ni-nitroacetic acid (Qiagen). The beads were washed and proteins were eluted in the presence of 250 mM imidazole following the manufacturer's recommendations. Enzyme activity of recombinant SelT was assessed using thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase assay kits (Interchim).
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4

Purification and analysis of hydantoin compounds

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Chemicals were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA). Nickel NTA and sepharose beads were purchased from Qiagen (USA). All enzymes were provided by New England BioLabs (USA). Lipids were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (USA) and detergents from Anatrace (USA). The hydantoin compounds were a kind gift of Marta Sans, Maria Kokkinidou and Arwen Pearson (University of Hamburg).
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