Bombyx mori cocoons were procured from Favorsun Medical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China. Lithium bromide (LiBr, 99%), EGDE, Epoxy value ≥ 0.7, N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, 99%), dialysis tubes (8000–14,000 MWCO) and dialysis tubes (3500 MWCO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, United States. Polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mn ~ 100,000 g mol-1) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, 99.8%) were purchased from Macklin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. MgO particles (50 nm, 99%) were obtained from Aladdin, Shanghai. Simulated body fluid (SBF, pH = 7.4) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.
Dialysis tube
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Poland
A dialysis tube is a semi-permeable membrane-based device used for the separation and purification of molecules based on their size and diffusion properties. It allows the passage of small molecules while retaining larger ones.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Harvard Bioscience (2 mentions)
D mem low glucose with phenol red, by Harvard Bioscience (2 mentions)
L glutamine, by Harvard Bioscience (2 mentions)
Trypsin edta, by Harvard Bioscience (2 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isopropanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Delta 1 24lsc christ freeze drier, by Martin Christ (2 mentions)
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide mtt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
5 aminofluorescein, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Poloxamer 407, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hct116, by Korean Cell Line Bank (1 mentions)
Raw 264, by Korean Cell Line Bank (1 mentions)
Vectashield antifade mounting medium with dapi, by Vector Laboratories (1 mentions)
Elisa kit, by Cusabio (1 mentions)
Whatman filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
57 protocols using dialysis tube
1
Silk Fibroin-based Biomaterial Synthesis
2
In Vitro Drug Release Evaluation
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In vitro drug, release was determined by the modified dialysis membrane technique. The 1 ml aliquots of the developed formulation and plain drug formulation were taken in the dialysis tube (Sigma Chemicals, USA), which were suspended in separate beakers. The beakers were then filled with 100 ml of the simulated tear fluid (STF), pH 7.4 with continuous stirring at 75 rpm at 37°C ± 0.5°C. Aliquots of 1 ml samples were withdrawn from the release medium at different time intervals and replaced with equal volumes of fresh media. Withdrawn samples were filtered and quantified for the drug content by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 288 nm. Cumulative percent drug released was calculated. Results are shown in Figure 1 .
3
Immunomodulatory Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
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Poloxamer 407 (pluronic F127), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dichloromethane (DCM), 5-aminofluorescein and dialysis tube were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Imiquimod (R837) was purchased from Macrogen (Seoul, Korea). Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM)-high glucose, fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotics were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Cell lysis buffer was used as received. Vectashield antifade mounting medium with DAPI was purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA). Human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116) and murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) were purchased from Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). ELISA kits were purchased from Cusabio (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Six-week-old male BALB/c mice were purchased and bred in a pathogen-free facility at the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH). All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of POSTECH and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). All chemicals were used without further purification.
4
Dissolution Profile of PPL Compound
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The dissolution profile of PPL was determined using the dissolution apparatus (Dr. Schleuniger Pharmaton, type Diss 6000, Solothurn, Switzerland). An amount of 1 mL of PTH was added to a dialysis tube (12 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), attached to a dissolution paddle, and then placed into a dissolution vessel containing 100 mL phosphate buffer. The solubility was tested prior to the test to confirm the maintenance of the sink condition. The release condition was stirred at 100 rpm and the temperature was maintained at 37 °C. Samples were collected each hour and replaced by fresh buffer. The concentration of the released PPL was measured by spectrophotometer at 290 nm and the cumulative release profile was determined.
5
Synthesis of Polymer-Coated Platinum Nanoparticles
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Platinum (IV) chloride (PtCl4, 96%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99.99%), PAA (Mw = ~1800 amu), PAAMA (Mw = ~3000 amu), PMVEMA (Mn = ~80,000 amu), triethylene glycol (TEG) (99%), potassium bromide (KBr, ≥99% trace metals basis), Whatman filter paper (qualitative, 70 mm), and dialysis tube [molecular weight cut off (MWCO) = 2000 amu, benzoylated cellulose tubing, 32 mm] were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as received. Ethanol (99%, Duksan, Ansan, South Korea) was used for the initial washing of polymer-coated Pt-NPs. Triple-distilled water was used for the final washing of the polymer-coated Pt-NPs and preparation of NP colloidal solutions.
6
Multifunctional Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles
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Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS, substitution degree of carboxymethyl >80%, viscosity = 600 mpa s) was obtained from Heppe Biotechnology Co.Ltd. (Qingdao, China), Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) was acquired from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co.Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), DMEM medium were from Solarbio Co.Ltd.. MTT, L-Arg, DiD labeling solution and Dialysis tube (Molecular weight cut off for targeted drug delivery: MWCO = 8000 ~ 14,000 D) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cell culture flasks (25 cm) and plates were from Costar Co.Ltd. (New York, NY, USA) The mouse fibroblast cell line L929 and mouse B16 melanoma cells were provided by the Shanghai cell bank.
7
In vitro Drug Release Study of HP
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The
in vitro drug release for HP was determined by using a dialysis method
as per the procedure described in the literature.21 (link)−23 (link) The dialysis
tube (MWCOs 14 kD, Sigma, USA) was pretreated in distilled water at
least overnight prior to performing the drug release study. The optimized
LCNP formulation (HP5) equivalent to 20 mg of HP and pure drug (20
mg) taken in the dialysis tube were suspended in the SGF (pH 1.2)
and SIF (pH 6.8) containing 2% IPA and kept under stirring at 100
rpm on a water shaker bath maintained at 37.0 ± 1 °C. The
release study was performed for 2 h in SGF, while the experiment was
continued up to 90 h in SIF. Aliquots (2 mL) of samples were withdrawn
at intermittent time intervals, followed by replacement with an equal
volume of the fresh release media. The drug content in the samples
was quantified by HPLC and graphically demonstrated as percentage
cumulative release versus time. The drug release data were fitted
using different release mathematical models to recognize the best
drug release kinetic model.
in vitro drug release for HP was determined by using a dialysis method
as per the procedure described in the literature.21 (link)−23 (link) The dialysis
tube (MWCOs 14 kD, Sigma, USA) was pretreated in distilled water at
least overnight prior to performing the drug release study. The optimized
LCNP formulation (HP5) equivalent to 20 mg of HP and pure drug (20
mg) taken in the dialysis tube were suspended in the SGF (pH 1.2)
and SIF (pH 6.8) containing 2% IPA and kept under stirring at 100
rpm on a water shaker bath maintained at 37.0 ± 1 °C. The
release study was performed for 2 h in SGF, while the experiment was
continued up to 90 h in SIF. Aliquots (2 mL) of samples were withdrawn
at intermittent time intervals, followed by replacement with an equal
volume of the fresh release media. The drug content in the samples
was quantified by HPLC and graphically demonstrated as percentage
cumulative release versus time. The drug release data were fitted
using different release mathematical models to recognize the best
drug release kinetic model.
8
Genetic Fusion of Fluorescent Silk Microparticles
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We used fluorescent silk produced by the genetic fusion of fluorescent proteins (i.e., eCFP, eGFP, eYFP, and mKate2) via germline transformation (i.e., piggyBac transposon) and natural white silk (Supplementary Methods )45 (link),46 (link),55 (link),57 (link)–59 (link). We used the following chemicals as received; dialysis tube (pore size 12,000 Da MWCO), lithium bromide (LiBr, ≥ 99%), miracloth (pore size 22–25 μm), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, ≥ 99%), and Triton X100, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). To select appropriate particle sizes and to broadcast fluorescent silk microparticles, we used two standard test sieves with opening sizes of 90 (No. 170) and 106 (No. 140) μm, purchased from Cole-Parmer (Niles, IL, USA). All experiments were performed under the ambient conditions (22 ± 2 °C and 40 ± 10% relative humidity). It should be noted that any organic solvents and synthetic polymers were completely avoided for edibility and safe consumption. To ensure the nontoxicity of the edible PUF devices, we further conducted analyses of mass spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and in vitro MTT assays (Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Figs. 7 –9 ).
9
Dialysis Purification of AgNPs
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The dialysis method was applied to purify the AgNPs from the remaining unconverted Ag(I) ions. Ten mL of the synthesized PEC-AgNPs or SDS-AgNPs solution was transferred to a dialysis tube (MWCO = 14,000, Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland), which was then immersed in 200 mL of re-distilled water. In order to completely remove the residual Ag(I) ions, the dialysis was performed for 24 h and was conducted with mixing on a magnetic laboratory stirring (1000 rpm, WIGO, Pruszkow, Poland), as was done previously [58 (link)].
10
Fabrication of Polymeric Nanocarriers via Double Emulsion
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Polymeric nanocarriers were prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion method described elsewhere, previously.64 (link),65 (link),66 (link),86 (link) A 10 mg amount of carboxylic acid poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-b-PEG-COOH) (Sigma-Aldrich) polymer was dissolved in dichloromethane and mixed with acetonitrile solution of drugs IITK4003 or IITK4004 (1.6 mg). Thereafter, this mixture was further mixed with 100 μL of water and emulsified in an ice bath with a probe sonication for 45 s at 40% power rate. Then, 4 mL of 1.25% (w/v) sodium cholate solution dissolved in water, the biphasic mixture, was further emulsified for 3 min under similar conditions. Organic solvents were evaporated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. The final volume of the nanocarrier suspension was made up to 5 mL by adding Milli-Q water. At this point the concentration of added IITK4003 was 350.6 μM and IITK4004 was 267.55μM. Free drug molecules were separated by dialysis using a dialysis tube with molecular weight cut off 2000 Da (Sigma-Aldrich) with continuous stirring for 4 h at 650 RPM.
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