In a separate session, 16 min of resting‐state EEG were recorded with BrainAmp MR‐plus amplifiers using 62‐channel (61 scale electrodes and 1 VEOG electrode below the right eye) active ActiCAP electrodes (both Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) attached according to the international standard 10‐10 system and referenced to FCz. The ground electrode was located at the sternum and skin–electrode interface impedance was kept below 5 kΩ. The EEG signal is digitized at a sampling frequency of 2,500 Hz and amplitude resolution was set to 0.1 μV. The EEG session included a total of eight eyes‐closed (EC) blocks and eight eyes‐open (EO) blocks, each 60 s. During the EO blocks, subjects were asked to fixate on a black cross on a white background presented using the Presentation software (Version 16.5, Neurobehavioral System Inc., Berkley, CA, USA). As rsfMRI data were collected only in the EO condition, only EEG from the EO condition was used in the comparative analysis.
Acticap electrodes
Manufactured by Brain Products
Sourced in Germany
The ActiCAP electrodes are a high-quality product designed for use in electroencephalography (EEG) recording systems. They provide a reliable and efficient way to capture electrical signals from the brain. The electrodes are pre-configured and ready for use, making them a convenient choice for researchers and clinicians conducting EEG studies.
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8 protocols using acticap electrodes
1
Resting-state EEG and fMRI Comparison
2
EEG Pre-processing and ERP Analysis
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EEG was recorded continuously from 64 ActiCap Electrodes (Brain Products) at 1000 Hz by a QuickAmp amplifier (Brain Products). All sites were referenced to FCz and grounded to AFz. The electrodes were positioned according to the International 10–10 system. Additional bipolar electrodes registered the electrooculogram (EOG). EEG pre-processing was carried out using BrainVision Analyzer (Brain Products). All data were down-sampled to 250 Hz, re-referenced to the average of all electrodes, filtered (0.05 Hz to 30 Hz), epoched from 500 ms before the first beep to 1000 ms after the second beep and baselined from −150 ms to 0 ms relative to the first beep. An independent component analysis (ICA) was performed to reject eye movement artifacts. Eye related components were identified by comparing individual ICA components with EOG channels and by visual inspection. The number of trials rejected for each participant was small (13% on average). ERP analysis were performed on data using the SPM830 and Fieldtrip31 (link) toolboxes for MATLAB. The CNV for Fig. 1c was estimated at central-parietal electrodes (C3, C1, Cz, C2, C4).
3
Healthy Scalp EEG Dataset: LEMON
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The LEMON dataset consisted of scalp EEG recordings from 203 healthy individuals (median age 39, age-range 20–77, 82 females).31 (link) The participants were stratified between young and old groups with age ranges 20–35 and 59–77, respectively. The EEGs were recorded using the BrainAmp MR plus recording system with the ActiCAP electrodes (both from Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany), including 62 channels according to the standard 10–10 localization system.32 (link) The data were originally recorded at a sampling rate of 2500 Hz and then downsampled to 250 Hz, and each EEG session comprised eight eyes-closed (EC) and eight eyes-open (EO) segments, each 60 s long. We rejected the channels that were determined as outlier channels by the investigators of the LEMON study.31 (link) As a result, we excluded the data of 59 individuals from our study because some channels required for our analyses were either not available or deemed outlier channels by the LEMON investigators.
4
EEG Acquisition and Preprocessing Protocol
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In brief, 64-channel EEG recordings were collected using Brain Vision Recorder, and Brain Products actiCAP electrodes with Brain Products MRPlus amplifiers. See Additional file 1 for detailed specifications of EEG acquisition and pre-processing.
5
High-Density EEG Setup for Brain Activity
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The EEG was recorded from 64 tin actiCAP electrodes (Brain Products, Gliching, Germany) at positions Fp1, Fp2, AF7, AF3, AF4, AF8, F7, F3, F1, Fz, F2, F4, F8, FT9, FT7, FC5, FC3, FC1, FC2, FC4, FC6, FT8, FT10, T7, C5, C3, C1, Cz, C2, C4, C6, T8, TP9, TP7, CP5, CP3, CP1, CPz, CP2, CP4, CP6, TP8, TP10, P7, P5, P3, P1, Pz, P2, P4, P6, P8, PO3, POz, PO4, PO9, O1, Oz, O2, PO10 (according to the actiCAP 64-standard-2 placement system). Impedances were kept below 25 kOhm. To monitor eye-movements, the horizontal electrooculogram (EOG) was recorded with an electrode attached to the outer canthi of the right eye while for vertical EOG, an electrode was placed below the right eye. EEG activity was registered with a sampling rate of 500 Hz and by employing the left mastoid as reference.
6
Resting-State EEG Protocol with Artefact Removal
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Participants were instructed to be awake with their eyes open and fixate on a low-contrast fixation cross on grey background. For each subject, 16-min resting state EEG was recorded with a ‘BrainAmp plus’ amplifier EEG using both 62-channel (61 scalp electrodes plus 1 electrode recording the VEOG below the right eye) and active ActiCAP electrodes (Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) positioned according to the international standard 10–20 extended localization system. Electrodes were referenced to FCz, the ground was located at the sternum and electrode impedance was kept below 5 KΩ. EEG were bandpass filtered between 0.015 Hz and 1 kHz and sampled at 2500 Hz.
Data were provided pre-processed, after passing through a pipeline that removed artefactual segments, identified faulty recording channels, and regressed out artefacts which appear as independent components in an Independent Component Analysis (ICA) decomposition with clear artefactual temporal signatures (such as eye blinks or cardiac interference).
Data were provided pre-processed, after passing through a pipeline that removed artefactual segments, identified faulty recording channels, and regressed out artefacts which appear as independent components in an Independent Component Analysis (ICA) decomposition with clear artefactual temporal signatures (such as eye blinks or cardiac interference).
7
EEG Preprocessing and Artifact Rejection
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EEG was recorded continuously from 64 ActiCap Electrodes (Brain Products) at 1000 Hz by a QuickAmp amplifier (Brain Products). All sites were referenced to FCz and grounded to AFz. The electrodes were positioned according to the International 10-10 system. Additional bipolar electrodes registered the electrooculogram (EOG).
EEG pre-processing was carried out using BrainVision Analyzer (Brain Products). All data were down-sampled to 250 Hz and re-referenced to the average activity across electrodes. For eye movement artefact rejection, an independent component analysis (ICA) was performed on filtered (Butterworth Zero Phase Filter between 0.05 Hz to 30 Hz) and segmented (-200 ms to 2000 ms relative to S1) data. For the ICA, epochs were baselined based on the average activity of the entire trial. Eye related components were identified by comparing individual ICA components with EOG channels and by visual inspection.
The average proportion of rejected trials for each participant corresponded to 0.0613. For all further analyses, epochs were baseline corrected based on the period between -200 ms to 0 ms relative to S1 presentation.
EEG pre-processing was carried out using BrainVision Analyzer (Brain Products). All data were down-sampled to 250 Hz and re-referenced to the average activity across electrodes. For eye movement artefact rejection, an independent component analysis (ICA) was performed on filtered (Butterworth Zero Phase Filter between 0.05 Hz to 30 Hz) and segmented (-200 ms to 2000 ms relative to S1) data. For the ICA, epochs were baselined based on the average activity of the entire trial. Eye related components were identified by comparing individual ICA components with EOG channels and by visual inspection.
The average proportion of rejected trials for each participant corresponded to 0.0613. For all further analyses, epochs were baseline corrected based on the period between -200 ms to 0 ms relative to S1 presentation.
8
Resting-State EEG Recording and fMRI Correlation
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Sixteen minutes of resting-state EEG was recorded with BrainAmp MR-plus amplifiers using 62channel (61 scale electrodes and 1 VEOG electrode below the right eye) active ActiCAP electrodes (both Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) attached according to the international standard 10-10 system and referenced to FCz. The ground electrode located at the sternum and skin-electrode interface impedance was kept below 5 kOhm. The EEG signal is digitized at a sampling frequency 2500
Hz and amplitude resolution was set to 0.1 micro-Volts. The EEG session included a total of 8 eyesclosed (EC) blocks and 8 eyes-open (EO) blocks, each 60 s. Subjects were asked to fixate on a black cross on a white background during the EO period, demonstrated using Presentation software (Version 16.5, Neurobehavioral System Inc., Berkley, CA, USA). As rsfMRI data were collected only in the EO condition, only EEG from EO the condition was used in the comparative analysis.
Hz and amplitude resolution was set to 0.1 micro-Volts. The EEG session included a total of 8 eyesclosed (EC) blocks and 8 eyes-open (EO) blocks, each 60 s. Subjects were asked to fixate on a black cross on a white background during the EO period, demonstrated using Presentation software (Version 16.5, Neurobehavioral System Inc., Berkley, CA, USA). As rsfMRI data were collected only in the EO condition, only EEG from EO the condition was used in the comparative analysis.
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