Omcl ac240ts r3

To visualize cells, 10 μl of buffer solution containing cell samples were deposited on mica. The excess buffer was absorbed with filter paper. The sample was air-dried and was mounted on a metal puck (Oxford Instrument). To visualize individual filaments, 5 μl of buffer solution containing filaments were deposited on a silicon wafer insulated by a 300-nm silicon dioxide dielectric layer with gold electrodes patterned by e-beam as previously described^{2 (link)}. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were performed using soft cantilevers (OMCL-AC240TS-R3, OLYMPUS) with a nominal force constant of 2 Nm⁻¹ and resonance frequencies of 70 kHz. The free-air amplitude of the tip was calibrated with the Asylum Research software and the spring constant was captured by the thermal vibration method. The sample was imaged with a Cypher ES scanner using intermittent tapping (AC-air topography) mode. AFM showed that gold electrodes were bridged with individual filaments to facilitate conductivity measurements (Extended Data Fig. 7g). All AFM image analyses for cells and filaments were performed using Gwyddion⁴⁹ . The AFM height cross section has been analysed using IGOR Pro software (WaveMetrics).