Notoginsenoside R1 (R1), ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), ginsenoside Rb3 (Rb3), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2), ginsenoside Rf (Rf), ginsenoside Ro (Ro), ginsenoside Rd (Rd), ginsenoside Re (Re), (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 ((20S)-Rg3), (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 ((20R)-Rg3), ginsenoside Rk2 (Rk2) (≥98% pure) were provided by the Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., ltd. (Shanghai, China). P. ginseng, A. macrocephala, P. cocos and G. uralensis applied in the study were purchased from Fusong Shenyuan Changbaishan Ginseng Technology Co., ltd. (Fusong, China).
Acetonitrile was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Water was purified through a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, MA, USA). TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO ELISA kits were provided by Jiangsu Mai Sha Industry Co., ltd (Yancheng, China). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (California, USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Biosharp Life Science (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Griess reagents were purchased from Promega (Madison, USA).
Acetonitrile was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Water was purified through a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, MA, USA). TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO ELISA kits were provided by Jiangsu Mai Sha Industry Co., ltd (Yancheng, China). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (California, USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Biosharp Life Science (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Griess reagents were purchased from Promega (Madison, USA).