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5 protocols using collagen type 1

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cellular Markers

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The immunohistochemical procedure has been described elsewhere (30 (link)). Briefly, slides were incubated with primer antibodies that are mouse monoclonal PCNA (1:1000, Cell Signaling), rabbit monoclonal Ki67 (1:100 dilution, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal human anti-Mitochondrial Antibody (1:250 dilution, Abcam), IL-6 (1:100 dilution, Abcam) and Collagen type I (1:100 dilution, Novus), through overnight at 4°C. Staining was completed by performing LSAB 2 System-HRP (Dako) and then AEC system was used for developing. Hematoxylin counterstaining was performed. Apoptosis was determined by terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay (In situ cell detection kit-POD, Roche, Risch-Rotkreuz, Switzerland) in paraffin-embedded tissue sections according to protocol of the manufacturer.
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2

Antibody Sources for ECM and Cellular Markers

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Antibodies were purchased from the following sources: fibronectin (catalog # Ab2413; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), KDEL (catalog # Ab12223; Abcam), Collagen type I (catalog # NB600-408; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA), Collagen type IV (catalog # SAB4500369; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA), Laminin (catalog # L9393; Sigma-Aldrich), Elastin (catalog # MAB 2503; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), Myocilin (catalog # SC-21243; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), ATF-4 (C/EBP-homologous protein; catalog # Sc-200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CHOP (catalog # 13172, Novus Biologicals), MMP-2 (catalog # NB200-193; Novus Biologicals), MMP-9 (catalog # SC-10737; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; catalog # 3683; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver ECM Collagens

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Collagen type I, III and IV were chosen because of their abundance in the liver ECM, their role in biological processes [19] and the potential role they could play in downstream liver tissue engineering purposes [3] . Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on paraffin embedded sections of human livers from the experimental protocol. After deparaffinization, antigen retrieval was performed in a citrate buffer (pH = 6.0) at sub-boiling temperatures for 20 min. Collagen type I (1:100, Novus Biological), Collagen type III (1:100, Novus Biological) and Collagen type IV (1:100, Novus Biological) primary antibodies were added and incubated overnight at 4 °C. No primary antibody was added to negative control slides. Rabbit-anti-mouse or mouse-anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Envision Flex HRP, Agilent) were incubated for 60 min at RT prior to incubation with DAB substrate. Hematoxylin was used as a background staining. Slides were imaged with a bright field microscope.
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4

Quantification of Hepatic Granulomas and Fibrosis

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The livers from the mice and rabbits were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. 4-μm paraffin-embedded sections were dewaxed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For each mouse or rabbit, the sizes of 30 granulomas around single eggs were quantified with the AxioVision Rel 4.7 (Carl Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany). The data are expressed in area units. To determine the severity of the hepatic fibrosis, morphometric analysis of type I collagen (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO), type III collagen (Acris Antibodies GmbH, Herford, Germany) and α-SMA (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) accumulation were performed at 100× magnification using an Axiovert 200 M microscope. A skilled, blinded pathologist evaluated the percentages of hepatic collagen in the liver sections. For semiquantitative analysis of the expressions of type I collagen, type III collagen, and α-SMA, all liver sections of each individual mouse were scored as I, II, or III (I for < 25%, II for 25–50%, III for > 50% of each field occupied by the staining-positive area), and an average score was then calculated for each individual mouse to represent its live pathology status.
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5

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Total cellular protein from human HSCs or LX2 cell line prepared using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma) was separated on SDS-PAGE following standard protocols (Amersham BioSciences, Piscataway, NJ). Antibodies used for Western blotting were: MAT2α2 (Novus Biologicals, CO), MATβ (Sigma) PPARγ (Santa Cruz Biotechology, CA), α-SMA (Novus), MEF2A (Origene), Anti-Phosphorylated Proteins (Pan) antibody (Invitrogen), p-ERK1/2 and B-Raf (Cell Signaling, MA), Type I collagen (Novus), DDK tag antibody (Origene), HA tag antibody (Genecopoeia), α-tubulin (Genetex, Irvine, CA) and actin (Sigma). Detection was done by the chemiluminescence ECL system (Amersham BioSciences). Blots were quantified using the Quantity One densitometry program (Bio-Rad laboratories, Hercules, CA) and test protein expression was normalized to α-tubulin control according to previously published reports (Olaso et al, 2001 (link)).
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