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3 protocols using anti osteocalcin

1

Osteoblast Differentiation Assay

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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) specific activity was used as an early marker of the osteoblastic phenotype. Therefore, cells were washed in PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 min. After washing, cells were incubated with 0.1% naphthol AS-MX phosphate and 0.1% fast red violet LB salt in a 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol buffer (56 mM) for 10 min. Alizarin red S staining to visualize calcification was performed according to manufacturer’s protocol (Osteogenesis assay kit, #ECM815, Millipore). Matrix mineralization was determined by immunofluorescence labeling with anti-osteocalcin (#AB10911, Millipore). As secondary antibody Alexa 488-labeled secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody (Molecular Probes, USA, 1:100) was used. After staining cells were counterstained with DAPI (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) for 15 min.
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2

Histological Analysis of Mouse Bone Tissue

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Tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and decalcified in 10% EDTA. Paraffin sections were stained with Masson’s trichrome stain for morphological analysis. For IHC, antigens of de-paraffinized sections were retrieved by 0.05% trypsin or hyaluronidase (10 mg/ml) and treated with 3% H2O2. After blocking with 5% normal goat serum, tissues were incubated with primary antibodies in 4°C, overnight. The following rabbit polyclonal antibodies against mouse were used, anti-VEGF (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-PECAM (Abcam), and anti-Osteocalcin (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Sections were then incubated with anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Vectastain ABC system, Vector Laboratories, Servion, Switzerland) and developed with 0.1% 3, 39-diaminobenzidine. Images were captured using standard light microscopy (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and quantified using Image-Pro Plus software (Rockville, MD, USA). Data from three independent mice staining were used for statistical analysis.
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3

Histological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Joint Development

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After sampling for genotyping, the limbs were isolated and immediately fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde for 24 h, decalcified in 14% EDTA (pH 7.4) for 3 days then embedded in paraffin; 6 mm sagittal joint sections were processed for H&E staining.
Immunostaining was performed using a standard protocol as previously described 25 . Primary antibodies were: anti-MINK1 (NO.NBP1-22990, Novus Biologicals), anti-COL2A1 (NO.sc-52658, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), anti-Aggrecan Neoepitope (NO.NBP100-74350, Novus Biologicals), anti-pSMAD2 (NO.3108, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-osterix (NO.ab22552, Abcam), antiosteocalcin (NO.AB10911, Millipore), anti-VEGF (NO.ab46154, Abcam), anti-MMP13 (NO. ab39012, Abcam), anti-ADAMTS-5 (NO. ab41037, Abcam), anti-COLX (NO.ab58632, Abcam) and anti-nestin (NO.MAB353, Millipore). Stained specimens were photographed digitally under confocal microscopy (BX61W1-FV1000; Olympus) or digital slide scanners (Pannormic MIDI; 3DHISTECH). Mouse IgG or rabbit IgG were used for negative controls when performing immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence staining (Supplementary Fig. S7).
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