8 shogaol

Twenty ginger samples from different origins were purchased from different vendors through Amazon.com, and two ginger samples were collected from Sagamu and Zaria districts of Nigeria (details provided in Supplementary Table S1). All samples were in the form of dry powder. Six-gingerol (6G, ≥ 98% purity), 8-gingerol (8G, ≥ 95% purity), 10-gingerol (10G, ≥ 95% purity), ethyl cinnamate, cinnamyl acetate, 8-shogaol, and MTT were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Six-paradol was purchased from Adooq (Irvine, CA, USA), while pinolenic acid was sourced from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA). Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). LC–MS grade acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol was purchased from Decon Laboratories, Inc. (King of Prussia, PA, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA).

In this study, we used fluconazole resistant C. albicans strain DAY185 (minimum inhibitory concentration >1,024 μg/ml). C. albicans was maintained in potato dextrose agar (PDA) or potato dextrose broth (PDB). The gingerols and shogaols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, and 10-shogaol) used in this study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO was used as a negative control for all experiments and the concentration of DMSO in media did not exceed 0.1% (vol/vol), which did not affect the antibiofilm or antivirulence activities. Cell growths and turbidities were measured using spectrophotometer (UV-160, Shimadzu, Japan) at 620 nm.