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189 protocols using m1000

1

Encapsulation of Ovalbumin in Amino-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

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For loading of OVA into AEP-MSNs, OVA (0.5 mL, 0.5 mg/mL‚ 1 mM PB) and AEP-MSN (0.5 mL, 2 mg/mL, 1 mM PB) were mixed and incubated in Eppendorf mixer (400 rpm, 25°C, Nijmegen, the Netherlands) for different time periods (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h). After incubation, the suspensions were centrifuged and the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of OVA was determined by measuring the difference in its intrinsic fluorescence intensity with a plate reader (Tecan M1000, Männedorf, Switzerland) (excitation wavelength = 280 nm and emission wavelength = 320 nm) in the supernatant before and after the encapsulation.
To determine the maximum loading capacity (LC%) of OVA in AEP-MSNs, the AEP-MSNs (2 mg/mL) were mixed with different initial concentrations of OVA (ranging from 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 to 3 mg/mL) and incubated in an Eppendorf mixer (400 rpm, 25°C) for 0.5 h. Next, the suspensions were centrifuged at 9000 g for 5 min. The EE% of OVA was determined by measuring the difference in their intrinsic fluorescence intensity in the supernatant before and after the encapsulation with a plate reader (Tecan M1000).
The EE% and LC% were calculated as below: EE%=tovafovatova×100%
LC%=tovafovaOVAloadedAEPMSNs×100%
Where tova represents the total content of OVA, and fova is the content of free OVA (OVA in the supernatant).
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2

Quantitative β-Galactosidase Assay in E. coli

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Plasmids with lacZ fusion reporters were transformed into VH1000 E. coli cells [Δ(lacIlacZ)]. Fresh colonies were inoculated into MOPS RDM with 0.2% glucose for overnight growth. On the next day, 10 μl of overnight culture was mixed with 190 μl RDM in a 96-well plate and shaken at 600 rpm at 37°C for 2–3 h until reaching mid-exponential phase. The cells were resuspended using a multichannel pipettor before recording apparent OD600 values on a plate reader (Tecan M1000). 10 μl A portion (10 μl) of cells was permeabilized by thoroughly mixing with 110 μl lysis buffer (60 mM Na2HPO4, 40 mM NaH2PO4, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 50 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 0.005% SDS) and 4 μl chloroform at room temperature. The β-galactosidase reaction was initiated by addition of 24 μl ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG, 4 mg/ml) and stopped by addition of 60 μl 1M Na2CO3 at the reaction time (t, min) recorded. Absorbance at 420 nm (A420) and 550 nm (A550) was measured using a Tecan plate reader (M1000). β-galactosidase activity was calculated using the following formula.
When used, bicyclomycin was added to cultures to 20 μg/ml as the final concentration.
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3

Serum LDH and cTnI Assay Protocols

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Serum LDH and cTnI were assayed using related commercial assay kits (C0016, Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China, and E-EL-M1203c, Elabscience Biotechnology Co. Ltd., China, respectively) according to the manufacturers' instructions. For LDH detection, the cell supernatant or serum was incubated with prepared LDH working solution in the dark for 30 minutes at room temperature. Absorbance at 490 nm was measured using a microplate reader (M1000, TECAN, Austria GmbH, Austria). For the cTnI assay, serum was added into the well plate precoated with the mouse cTnI specific antibody; then, a biotinylated antibody specific for cTnI and avidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate were added successively to each well plate and incubated. After free components were washed away, the substrate solution was added into each well. Finally, stop solution was added to terminate the enzyme-substrate reaction, and then, the color turns yellow. The optical density was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm using a microplate reader (M1000, TECAN, Austria GmbH, Austria).
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4

Quantifying VIC Metabolic Activity, Proliferation, and Phenotype

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VICs were seeded in 96 well plates as described earlier and cultured for 72 h. ATP amount was measured as an indicator of metabolic activity and cell viability using the CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, Madison, WI). The CellTiter-Glo Reagent was added to VICs growing in a 96 well plate and placed on a shaker for 2 min for cell lysis. Following a 10 min incubation at room temperature, luminescence was recorded using a microplate reader (Tecan M1000, Mannedorf, Switzerland). Proliferation was assessed via incorporation and detection of BrdU. VICs were seeded in 24 well plates, cultured for 64 h, and then incubated with BrdU for 8 h at the manufacturer-recommended dilution (BrdU Cell Proliferation Assay Kit, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Cells were then fixed, BrdU detected with an HRP-linked secondary antibody, and proliferation evaluated via measurement of absorbance at 450 nm (Tecan M1000) per kit instructions. Alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) was detected by flow cytometry 72 h after seeding. Briefly, VICs (1 × 105) were resuspended in 100 μL PBS, incubated for 30 min on ice with an antibody against αSMA (Clone 1A4, Sigma Aldrich), labeled with a FITC-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher), and fixed in 150 μL 0.05% formaldehyde, before 10,000 events were acquired on a BD FACSCaliber flow cytometer.
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5

High-Throughput Cell Viability Assay

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Example 29

A549 cells were plated into wells of a 384-well assay plate at 250 cells/well. Cells were treated with dose curves of staurosporine or doxorubicin for 72 hours. After 72 hours, 50 uM PBI 4586 was added to the cell culture and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. LDR and 10 mM D-cysteine was added to the reaction and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a Tecan M1000.

The results illustrate the use of the method described to rapidly identify and characterize compounds affecting cell viability (FIG. 12).

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6

Quantifying Dad Absorbance Spectra

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Dad was dissolved in MilliQ water and 100 uL of 2 M sodium hydroxide to make a to a 5 mM starting stock. Samples were individually diluted to the desired concentration using 50:50 acetonitrile to phosphate buffered saline (CH3CN/PBS) in triplicate. The absorbance spectrum was measured on a ThermoScientific Genesys 150 UV-Vis spectrometer, using 50:50 CH3CN/PBS as a blank. These absorbances were also measured using a Tecan M1000 plate reader with acridone as a standard.
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7

Quantifying Dad Absorbance Spectra

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Dad was dissolved in MilliQ water and 100 uL of 2 M sodium hydroxide to make a to a 5 mM starting stock. Samples were individually diluted to the desired concentration using 50:50 acetonitrile to phosphate buffered saline (CH3CN/PBS) in triplicate. The absorbance spectrum was measured on a ThermoScientific Genesys 150 UV-Vis spectrometer, using 50:50 CH3CN/PBS as a blank. These absorbances were also measured using a Tecan M1000 plate reader with acridone as a standard.
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8

Fluorescence Polarization Nanoparticle Binding

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The application of FP is based on the assumption that binding of the fluorescence-labeled molecule to nanoparticles decreases its molecular rotation in solution which can be detected by FP. NQA was N-terminally labeled with FAM and purified. Then a constant amount of FAM-labeled peptide (about 20 nmol/L) was incubated with suspensions of nanoparticles in water at a range of concentrations. FP was measured using a Tecan M1000 microplate reader (Tecan, Swiss), and values corrected by subtracting the value corresponding to the labeled peptide in water.
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9

SMAC-mCherry Mitochondrial Release Assay

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SMAC-mCherry release assays were carried out as previously described (Niu et al., 2017 (link)). Briefly, BAX-/-/BAK-/- baby mouse kidney (BMK) cells stably expressing a fusion protein comprised of the mitochondrial import peptide of SMAC (amino acids 1–58) fused to the amino-terminus of the fluorescent protein mCherry were lysed by nitrogen cavitation at 150 psi for 10 min on ice in buffer containing 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.2), 250 mM sucrose, 150 mM potassium chloride, 1 mM EDTA, 1 X protease inhibitor cocktail. Nuclei and cell debris were removed by centrifugation of the lystate at 2000 g for 4 min at 4 °C. Heavy membranes containing mitochondria were obtained by centrifuging the supernatant at 13,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C and washing the pellet once in lysis buffer. Membrane fractions (0.2 mg/ml protein) were incubated with desired BCL-2 family proteins in 250 μL volume and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. Mitochondria were then pelleted by centrifugation at 13,000 g for 10 min. The release of SMAC-mCherry was measured as fluorescence intensity using a Tecan M1000 microplate reader and comparing fluorescence intensity between the supernatant and pellet fractions. The percentage release of SMAC-mCherry was calculated as [Fsupernatant /(Fsupernatant +Fpellet)] x 100.
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10

Oxidative Stress Response in Yeast

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Yeast overnight cultures were diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 in 5 ml SD-Ura media and grown for about 3.5 h at 30°C until an OD600 of 0.5–0.6 was reached. Cells were centrifuging at 3,000 × g for 3 min and pellets were resuspended in 700 μl SD-Ura media pre-warmed to 37°C without or with 0.5 mM H2O2. 200 μl of each culture was pipetted in triplicates into a 96-well plate. The plate was covered with a breathable microplate sealing film and incubated for 48 h at 37°C in a Tecan M1000 plate reader measuring the OD600 every 10 min.
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