was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S8100, Hitachi,
Japan). Porosity and specific area were measured by mercury intrusion
porosimetry (MIP, AutoPore Iv-9510, Micromeritics, USA). X-ray diffraction
(D8-focus, Bruker, German) was used to determine the crystalline composition
of the printed catalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI1600
ESCA, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to analyze the element valence change
during the growth of HKUST-1. The rheology of the Cu/Fe inks was measured
using a rotary rheometer (DHR-2, TA Instruments, USA) in oscillation
mode (strain, 1%; frequency, 10 Hz).