Tristar 2 3020

The crystallographic phase structure of the as-prepared materials was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique with Co-Kα radiation. The thermal characteristic of the MMO powder was appointed using an STA 503 BÄHR device at the range of 40–900 °C and a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ in the ambient atmosphere. In order to observe the surface morphology of both powders, a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with a MIRA3 TESCAN model was employed. The specific surface area of the materials was measured by utilizing the adsorption–desorption isotherms of nitrogen via the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and pore size distribution was computed by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method (Micrometrics TriStar II 3020). In addition, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (by PerkinElmer–Frontier) was utilized to recognize the functional groups on the surface of materials.

The formed Nano ZT and Nano ZT/Vit B 12 were characterized by XRD (PANalytical Empyean, Sweden). An accelerating voltage of 40 KV was applied, using scan angle ranging from 5 to 80°, a scan step of 0.05°, and a 30 mA current. A Bruker devise (vertex 70 FTIR-FT Raman) was used to investigate the vibration of the chemical bonds. A Germany spectrophotometer (serial number 1341) screening the frequency range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ was applied using a potassium bromide disc. The surface morphology of the prepared materials was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Germany. EDX (Quanta FEG250, Germany) was performed to determine the elemental composition in the synthesized materials. The BET specific surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution of the Nano ZT were estimated by N₂ adsorption–desorption method by an automatic surface analyzer (TriStar II 3020, Micrometrics, USA). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (JEOL-JEM 2100) was applied to determine the microstructures of the produced materials. XRF analysis was performed on the natural Nano ZT to confirm the structure using XRF-ARL-9900. The partial size and zeta potential were investigated [20 (link)].

As received B₄C (NaBond Technologies Co., Ltd.) was stirred in conc. nitric acid (Kimix Chemicals and Lab Supplies cc.) at room temperature for 8 h. Organo-metallic chemical deposition was used to deposit platinum onto the treated B₄C to prepare 10, 20 and 40 eq. wt% Pt/BC, where the eq. wt % was calculated from surface areas calculated from nitrogen physisorption using a TriStar II 3,020 (Micrometrics) and interpreted using BET theory. The catalyst deposition was carried out using platinum acetoacetate (Sigma Aldrich) at 350 °C under an argon atmosphere68 69 . As-received Pt/C catalysts from Alfa Aesar (HiSpec 2000, 3000, 4000) were used as a commercial standard for electrochemical activities.

Due to sampling limitations for respirable dust, specific surface area was determined on the total “settled” dust fraction (which included respirable), that was deposited in the chamber as the stones were machined. The samples were pre-weighed and degassed overnight at room temperature prior to analysis by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method on a surface area and porosity analyser (Micrometrics Tristar II 3020, Norcross, GA, United States), applying nitrogen as the adsorbate gas at −196 ${}^{\circ }$ C.

The hydrodynamic diameter and Z-potential of the prepared colloidal solutions (100 μg mL⁻¹) were measured by Zetasizer Nano ZS90, (Malvern Instruments, Instruments Worcertershire, Worcertershire, UK). The measurements were performed at 25 °C, in triplicate, using disposable polystyrene cuvettes. TEM micrographs were taken with a JEM-JEOL-2100 microscope. The samples were suspended in ethanol and deposited dropwise onto formvar–carbon grids. We used ImageJ v1.53o to measure the length, width, and pore width of SBA-15 particles [41 ,42 (link)]. XRD (X-ray powder diffraction) patterns were measured in a Panalytical EMPYREAN diffractometer using CuKα (λ = 1.54184 Å). The interval of XRD analysis was 5–60° 2θ, with a step size of 0.01° and 1 s of measure time for each step. The diffractograms were analyzed using the X’Pert High Score software [43 ]. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments were carried out with in a TriStar II-3020 (Micrometrics) device at 77 K. Before analyses, the samples were treated in a vacuum (10³ torr) at 300 °C for four hours using a Micrometrics VacPrep 061−Sample degas system. The specific surface area was estimated using the Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) model. Pore size distributions were calculated using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) model. The average pore size and volume were estimated based on the desorption branch of each isotherm of nitrogen.

The powder XRD patterns were obtained using a Bruker diffractometer at 40 kV, 40 mA, with Cu Kα₁ radiation. The morphology of all the products was revealed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on a JEOL JEM-2100F with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. The The N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms were measured at 77 K using a Micrometrics Tri Star II 3020 apparatus. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was performed using a simultaneous thermal analysis instrument (Setaram Labsys Evo S60/58458) at a temperature ramping rate of 5 °C min⁻¹ in air. The surface electronic states of Mn were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, VG Multilab 2000).