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5 protocols using anti asc

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Cytokine and Inflammasome Analysis

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Culture supernatants IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α levels were measured by IL-1β (R&D Systems, Minnneapolis, MN, USA, DY201), IL-6 (R&D Systems, DY206), IL-10 (R&D Systems, DY217B), TNF-α (R&D Systems, DY210) ELISA kit. Caspase-1, ASC, Nalp3 and IL-1β was detected by western blot with anti-caspase-1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2225S), anti-ASC (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA, AB3607), anti-Nalp3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 13158S), and anti-IL-1β.
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2

NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Imaging

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BMDMs were seeded 24 h before stimulation. Cells were primed with LPS for 4 h, then nigericin was added to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the cells were incubated at 37 °C for 15–45 min. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for STORM imaging. The antibodies used for labelling were anti-DDX3 (Bethyl Laboratories, A300–474A), anti-ASC (Millipore, 04–147) and anti-tubulin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, clone YOL1/34; diluted 1:1,000). STORM acquisition of 10 fields per condition was performed using a Nikon N-STORM system consisting of an inverted TiE stand, a 100 X, 1.45 NA objective, a DU-897 EMCCD camera, an Agilent laser launch and appropriate optics, as previously reported42 (link). Images of single-molecule reconstructions were exported for downstream analysis by Imaris software. Coordinate (x, y) positions of individual molecules were exported for analysis with a new statistical measure for analysing colocalization in super-resolution images (r-index; X. Liu et al., unpublished protocol). With this method, a value of 1 indicates colocalization, a value of 0 indicates complete randomness and a value of − 1 indicates exclusion.
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3

Immunofluorescence Assay of Pyroptosis Proteins

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Primary BMDMs fully differentiated from wild-type mice were infected with S. Typhimurium for 1.5 h at a multiplicity of infection of 1, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100 for 10 min. Samples were then blocked for 1 h in 5% bovine serum albumin in PBS. Samples were incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight at 4°C: anti-ASC (Millipore 04-147, diluted 1:100), anti-cleaved CASP3 (CST, #9661, diluted 1:250), and anti-phospho-MLKL (Santa Cruz, sc-165025, diluted 1:250). Samples were incubated with the following secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature: Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated antibody against mouse immunoglobulin G (Invitrogen, A21202, diluted 1:250), Alexa Fluor 568-conjugated antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin G (Invitrogen, A10042, diluted 1:250), and Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated antibody against goat immunoglobulin G (Invitrogen, A21447, diluted 1:250). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (Life Technologies), and confocal microscopy was performed using the Leica SP-8 confocal microscopy. Images were analyzed using FIJI software (ImageJ).
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4

Fluorescence Imaging of T. cruzi Infection

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Cells were plated for 18 h in a 96-well black plate (Greiner) with a clear bottom for microscopy. On the next day cells were infected with T. cruzi as described above and after 4 h the supernatant was removed, and cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma Aldrich) diluted in PBS for at least 15 min. Then, wells were washed twice with warm PBS, followed by block/permeabilization buffer [10% BSA (Sigma Aldrich), 1% FBS (LGC), 0.5% Triton-X 100 (Sigma Aldrich), diluted in PBS] for 1 h at room temperature. Wells were carefully washed twice with warm PBS and incubated for 18 h at 4°C with 1:1000 anti-ASC (Millipore, clone 2EI-7). On the next day wells were washed again with warm PBS and incubated with secondary antibody Alexa-fluor 647 (red) (Invitrogen) 1:1000 for 1 h at room temperature. Wells were washed again, incubated with 5 μg/mL DAPI (blue) (Sigma Aldrich) and images were acquired on IN Cell Analyzer 2200 equipment.
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Immune Signaling

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Whole cell extracts were electrophoresed in 10% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto Immobilon-FL membranes (Millipore). Blots were incubated with antibodies specific for pTBK1 (Ser172), pIRF3 (Ser396), total TBK1, total IRF3, cGAS, STING, GAPDH or β-actin (Cell Signaling). For ASC-myc detection in ASC−/− macrophages, anti-ASC (Millipore) was used. For p204-myc detection in WT macrophages, anti-myc (Cell Signaling) was used. Anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IRDye 680RD label secondary antibodies were used for visualization of bands with the Odyssey Imaging system (LI-COR).
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