2 7 dichlorofluorescein diacetate dcfh da dimethyl sulphoxide dmso

Phospholipon90G (P90G; phosphatidylcholine content ≥ 94%) was purchased from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Propylene glycol (PG) were purchased from Galeno Srl (Comeana, Prato, Italy). LC-MS grade acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, 85% w/w phosphoric acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tris(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), and all the other reagents, if not otherwise specified, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck (Milan, Italy). Standards of 5-O-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic acid), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid A), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid B), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid C), ferulic acid, apigenin, hispidulin, and luteolin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) and TransMIT (Giessen, Germany). Ultrapure water (18 MΩ·cm) was obtained with a Milli-Q Advantage A10 System apparatus (Millipore, Milan, Italy).

Propidium iodide, rapamycin, camptothecin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), hydrogen peroxide, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), staurosporine, 2′,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), FITC-conjugated annexin V, acridine orange, Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween^® 20 detergent and N-acetylcysteine came from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA). The required primary antibodies (cyclin D1, β-actin, p27, p21, MAPLC3I/II, SQSTM1/P62, PARP1 and caspase-3) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Leiden, The Netherlands). The enzyme-labelled mouse and rabbit IgG secondary antibodies were procured from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA).