Ribavirin

Favipiravir and ribavirin were purchased from MedChemExpress (New Jersey, USA). Both compounds were dissolved in 2.9% sodium bicarbonate (5.6% sodium bicarbonate solution diluted with sterile water; the pH is approximately 7.5) for administration via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection.

Mouse monoclonal anti-VSV-G (used at 1:1000) and HSV-ICP8 (1:1000) were obtained from Santa Cruz lnc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The antibodies to actin (1:1000), goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies conjugated to HRP (1:10,000) were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, China). The rabbit polyclonal antibody to phosphorylated (p)-eIF4E (Ser 209, 1:1000) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Rabbit polyclonal antibody to eIF4E (1:1000) was purchased from Proteintech (Wuhan, China). Mouse polyclonal antibody to PEDV-N (1:1000) was purchased from Alpha Diagnostic International (San Antonio, TX, USA). Rabbit polyclonal antibody to AIV-NP (1:2000) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The antibodies to NDV-NP (1:2000) and PRV-gC (1:1000) were preserved in our laboratory. Antibodies were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% skim milk (pH 7.3). Ribavirin, acyclovir, quercetin, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinase 1 and 2 (MNK1/2) kinase inhibitors CGP57380 were obtained from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).

The human lung carcinoma cell line A549, African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line Vero, and human astrocytoma cell line SNB19 were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CBCAS), Shanghai, China and cultured in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (GIBCO, Carlsbad, USA), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 100 units/mL penicillin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) at 37 °C under 5% CO₂. All cell lines were authenticated by short tandem repeat (STR) fingerprinting at the Medicine Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Department of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU) (Guangzhou, China), and were found to be free of mycoplasma contamination. ZIKV ZG-01 strain (China, 2016, GenBank accession number KY379148), doramectin (catalog no.: HY-17035, batch no.: 109519) and ribavirin (catalog no.: HY-B0434, batch no.: 11970) were supplied in powder form by MedChemExpress LLC (Shanghai, China) with quality control documents.