δ5 avenasterol

All reagents were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). GLC-463 mix was from Nu-Check (Elysian, MN, USA), while FAME 189-19, (+)-α-tocopherol, 5α-cholestan-3β-ol, campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, sitostanol and Δ⁵-avenasterol were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The sesame oil, rapeseed oil, and soybean oil were purchased from local markets (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Before being used for analysis, all samples were stored in the dark. The standard samples of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), brassicasterol, ergosterol, campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, cycloartanol, cycloartenol, 24-methylene-cycloartenol, and cholestanol were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Daidzin, daidzein, genistin, and genistein were purchased from the Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Methyl sterculate (C₂₀H₃₆O₂, Purity ≥ 98 %) and methyl malvalate (C₁₉H₃₄O₂, purity ≥ 95 %) were purchased from the Matreya Lipid and Biochemistry Technology Co., Ltd., USA. All solvents used were of analytical grade, and all standards were stored at −20 °C in darkness.