Asap 2460 surface

The synthesised ZnO nanostructure morphology was confirmed using a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Vega 3 Tescan scanning electron microscope (SEM). The TEM and SEM electron microscopes also provided information about the structure, size, and complexity of the surfaces of all the nanomaterials in this investigation. The identity and purity information was acquired using a Phillips X-ray diffractometer from PANalytical (X’ Pert Pro core) using a 2ϴ scanning range of 5–90° with a Cu Kα (λ = 0.154 nm) radiation source. Chemical bonding within the nanomaterial was further explored using a Raman microscope (WITec alpha 300R confocal fluorescence microscopy, 532 nm wavelength) and an FTIR spectrometer from PerkinElmer (TL 8000 Balanced flow FT-IR EGA system spectrometer), and the obtained data were baseline-corrected and normalised. The synthesised materials’ band gap energy (e.g., eV) was determined using their diffuse reflectance spectra measured with a UV–Vis Spectrophotometer from Thermo Scientific (EvolutionPro). A Micromeritics ASAP 2460 surface area and porosity analyser was used to determine the surface area and porosity of the nanomaterial. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, XSAM800, Kratos, Manchester, UK) was used to determine the oxidation state and the elemental analysis.