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14 protocols using recombinant luciferase

1

Quantifying Luciferase Inhibition Screening

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To quantify the rate
of false positives reported during the PbLuc liver stage reconfirmation
screen, hits selected for tertiary round screening (405 compounds
from fresh DMSO stocks) were also tested for luminescent interference
between recombinant firefly luciferase and luciferin. Initially, 40
nL of selected compounds was dispensed using a Gen 4 Plus Acoustic
Transfer System (Biosero, San Diego, USA) at 1:3 in 12-point dose
response format (25 to 141.13 × 10–6 μM;
final DMSO concentration of 0.5% per well) in 1536-well, white, opaque-bottom
plates (ref# 789173-F, Greiner Bio-One). A 24-point single concentration
series of Luciferase Inhibitor-II (9.8 μM per well) was dispensed
as a positive control, while 96 wells of DMSO at 0.5% per well acted
as the negative control. Separately, a solution of 20 pM recombinant
luciferase (Promega cat# E170A) was prepared on ice by successive
dilutions (first 1:999 then into final solution at 20 pM) in phenol
naive DMEM (Invitrogen cat# 31053-028), 5% FBS (Corning), and 5×
Pen Strep Glutamine (Invitrogen). This solution was dispensed at 8
μL per well into the previously spotted plates using a MultiFlo
dispenser (BioTek) and incubated at room temperature for 1 h prior
to the addition of 1 μL of BrightGlo (Promega). Immediately
after the addition of BrightGlo, plates were read using the EnVision
Microplate reader (PerkinElmer).
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2

Cell Cytotoxicity Screening of Nanoemulsions

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Cell cytotoxicity determinations were performed using an automated luminescence assay based on the luciferin reaction. Recombinant luciferase (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) was used to catalyze the conversion of luciferin substrate to oxyluciferase and light in the presence of ATP and other cofactors, including Mg2+ and molecular oxygen. Thus, the assay detects ATP produced by metabolically active viable cells, yielding a luminescent signal that is directly proportional to the total number of cells per well in a 384-well format. The assay was used to screen new nanoemulsion compounds for cell toxicity on murine macrophage (Raw264.7), epithelial cell (TC-1), and dendritic cell (Jaws II) lines. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for each formulation was calculated after 24 h of NE exposure. The IC50 is defined as the nanoemulsion concentration (percent, wt/wt) yielding 50% inhibition at 24 h for each cell line. For the formulation of NB-201, the IC50 was 0.073% in TC-1 cells.
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3

High-Throughput Luciferase Assay Protocol

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Recombinant luciferase at 10–15 mg/ml (Promega) was diluted 106 times in complete medium and dispensed, 12 µl/well, in white 384-well plates (Proxiplate, Perkin Elmer) pre-spotted with compounds. After 1 h of incubation, 6 µl of Bright-Glo reagent (Promega) was added to the wells. Following a 3-min incubation, luciferase activity was measured using a Synergy 2 multi-purpose plate reader (Biotek, Winooski, VT). Each plate contained vehicle controls (0.1% DMSO) and wells that contain either no luciferase or no Bright-Glo. The average of these controls was used for the normalization of the compound signals.
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4

Splenocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Assay

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Mice were euthanized, spleens harvested aseptically, finely minced in 10
ml RPMI, and filtered through a 40 μm cell strainer to remove debris. The
cell suspension was transferred to a 15 ml tube and centrifuged at 200 ×
g for 5 minutes. Cells were resuspended at 5×106 viable
cells/ml in RPMI with 10% FBS and penicillin and streptomycin. Concavalin A
(ConA), a non-specific mitogen, was used as a positive control for the
proliferative ability of splenocytes in the assay. Samples were set up in
triplicate in a 96-well plate with 1 μg recombinant luciferase (Promega)
or ConA (1 μg), 100 μl of growth medium, and 100 μl of
spleen cell suspension. Antibody pairs were used and performed per manufacturer
instructions of analysis of interleuken-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ
(IFN-γ) (MabTech Inc., Cincinnati, OH). Spots were analyzed by using a
ImmunoSpot/BioSpot UV Analyzer (CTL Analyzers, Shaker Heights, OH). Change as
compared to unstimulated negative control cells was plotted.
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5

Luciferase and β-Galactosidase Assays

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Cells were lysed by the addition of 100 μl of passive lysis buffer (Promega/Biotium) to each well and shaken for >15min. Luciferase assay was carried out as described in (Chan and Egan, 2005 (link); Chan and Egan, 2009 (link); Egan et al., 2013 (link); Chan et al., 2021 (link)) in a buffer containing 0.0165 M glycylglycine, 0.01 M MgSO4, 2.65 mM EGTA, 10.5 mM potassium phosphate, 1.4 mM adenosine 5′-triphosphate, 0.86 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.175 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 0.035 mM luciferin (Promega) using 50 μl of the lysate and a luminometer (Berthold Technologies, Germany). A standard curve was constructed using recombinant luciferase (Promega). Beta-galactosidase assay was carried out as described in (Chan and Egan, 2005 (link); Chan and Egan, 2009 (link); Egan et al., 2013 (link)) in a buffer containing 100 mM sodium phosphate pH7.3, 1mM MgCl2, 50 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.665 mg/ml o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (Sigma) using 20 μl of the lysate and read at 420 nm using a plate reader (Bio-Tek Synergy HT). Luciferase activity was normalized against β-galactosidase activity.
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6

ELISA for Antigen-Specific Antibody Titers

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High-binding Nunc Maxisorp™ flat bottom 96-well plates were coated with 100 µL/well of 2 µg/mL of recombinant luciferase (Promega) in PBS. After overnight incubation at 4 °C, plates were washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBS-T) and blocked with 3% (w/v) Bovine Serum Albumin (IgG-Free, Protease-Free) (Jackson Immuno Research, West Grove, PA, USA) in PBS-T. After washing, two-fold serial dilutions of the mouse serum in blocking buffer were added for one hour at 37 °C. Plates were washed again, then HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG1 (Jackson Immuno Research, West Grove, PA, USA), or HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG2a (Jackson Immuno Research) were added at a 1:2000 dilution and incubated for one hour at 37 °C. 75 µL of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) was added after washing and plates were incubated at room temperature for five minutes. The reaction was terminated by addition of 0.16 M sulfuric acid and absorbance was read at 450 nm on a spectrophotometer. Endpoint antibody titers were expressed as the reciprocals of the final detectable dilution, with a cut-off value defined as the mean of all wells containing serum from mice in the empty particle control group plus three times the standard deviation.
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7

Evaluation of Micelle-Mediated Gene Delivery

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Human cervical cancer line HeLa cells (ATCC) were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Cells were seeded in 48-well plates at a density of 2 × 104 cells/well and incubated overnight prior to further use. Micelles with different shapes were added to each well at a dose of 1 μg of plasmid DNA. After 4 h of incubation, the culture media were refreshed. The culture media were removed after 48 h and cells were lysed with 100 μL of reporter lysis buffer for each well (Promega, Madison, WI), and subjected to two freeze–thaw cycles. Twenty μL of cell lysate supernatant was mixed with 100 μL of luciferase substrate (Promega), and the light units were measured on a luminometer (20/20n Single Tube luminometer, Turner BioSystems, Sunnyvale, CA). The luciferase activity was converted to the amount of luciferase using recombinant luciferase (Promega) as the standard, and normalized against protein content using the BCA protein assay (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL)
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8

Splenocyte Proliferation and Cytokine Assay

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Mice were euthanized, spleens harvested aseptically, finely minced in 10
ml RPMI, and filtered through a 40 μm cell strainer to remove debris. The
cell suspension was transferred to a 15 ml tube and centrifuged at 200 ×
g for 5 minutes. Cells were resuspended at 5×106 viable
cells/ml in RPMI with 10% FBS and penicillin and streptomycin. Concavalin A
(ConA), a non-specific mitogen, was used as a positive control for the
proliferative ability of splenocytes in the assay. Samples were set up in
triplicate in a 96-well plate with 1 μg recombinant luciferase (Promega)
or ConA (1 μg), 100 μl of growth medium, and 100 μl of
spleen cell suspension. Antibody pairs were used and performed per manufacturer
instructions of analysis of interleuken-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ
(IFN-γ) (MabTech Inc., Cincinnati, OH). Spots were analyzed by using a
ImmunoSpot/BioSpot UV Analyzer (CTL Analyzers, Shaker Heights, OH). Change as
compared to unstimulated negative control cells was plotted.
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9

AAV-mediated Gene Delivery in Mice

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Procedures were approved by the University of California, Los Angeles
Committee on Animal Research. FVB/N female and male mice were purchased from
Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Wilmington, MA). MyD88 knockout mice and
C57BL/6 controls were from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME). FVB/N mice
were used for all studies otherwise. At birth, an intravenous injection of
3×1012 AAV genome copies (gc)/kg in 50 μl of normal
saline was performed as previously described (6 (link)). Adult mice received alum/luciferase by intraperitoneal (IP)
injection to the right lower abdomen. AAV was delivered in adults as
3×1012 gc/kg in 200 μl of normal saline by tail
vein injection.
Recombinant luciferase (Promega, Madison, WI) was mixed with a
pre-formulated aqueous solution of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide
(Imject Alum, Pierce, Rockford, IL) in a 1:1 ratio according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. A volume of 200 μl (including 1
μg of Recombinant luciferase) was administered IP to each mouse.
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10

Quantifying Promoter Efficiency by Luciferase Assay

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24 hours after seeding into 6-well plates, cells from each promoter haplotype variant of the reporter gene cell lines were washed with PBS before lysis with Glo lysis buffer (Promega). Lysates were assayed in triplicate for luciferase expression using the Bright-Glo assay kit (Promega), using a known concentration of recombinant luciferase (Promega) as a reference sample to normalise luminescence data. Protein concentration (μg/ml) of lysates was quantified in triplicate using the BCA protein assay kit (Perbio). Promoter efficiency was quantified by comparing specific activity (normalised luminescence/protein concentration of lysates) for the different promoter haplotypes.
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