Potassium chloride (kcl)

Manufactured by Duksan Pure Chemicals

Sourced in Cameroon, Japan

Potassium chloride (KCl) is an inorganic compound used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a source of potassium ions and chloride ions.

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6 protocols using potassium chloride (kcl)

Quantification of Anthocyanin Content

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Anthocyanin content was measured in the dark, as described by Al-Farsi et al. [32 (link),35 ]. A pH 1.0 buffer was prepared by mixing 14.9 mg/mL of KCl and 0.2 mol/L of HCl (Duksan) at a ratio of 25:67 and a pH 4.5 buffer of 1.64 mg/mL of sodium acetate.
For extraction, the leaves (0.25 g) were homogenized in 20 mL of distilled water for 1 min and sonicated for 15 min. One mililiter of the supernatant was transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask after centrifugation at 440× g for 10 min (1580R, Labogene) and adjusted to the final volume with buffer (pH 1.0). Another 1 mL of the supernatant was transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask and adjusted to the final volume with pH 4.5 buffer. The absorbance values of these mixtures were measured at 510 and 700 nm (UV-1800, Shimadzu). The absorbance was calculated as follows:
The total anthocyanin content was calculated using the following equation and expressed as cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents:
where e = 26,900 (molar absorptivity of cyanidin 3-glucoside), L (cell path length) = 1 mL, MW (molecular weight of anthocyanins) = 449.2, D (dilution factor) = 25, V = 25 mL, and G = 250 mg.

Zhang M., Choe J., Bu T., Liu S, & Kim S. (2022). Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Metabolite Profiling of Acer pseudoplatanus Leaves of Different Colors. Antioxidants, 12(1), 65.

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Compound Preparation for Cardiovascular Study

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Atropine, acetylcholine, CaCl₂, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), formic acid, glibenclamide, glucose, G7G, indomethacin, L-NAME, luteolin, MB, ODQ, PE, P5G, rutin, TEA, 4-AP were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). KCl, KH₂PO₄, MgSO₄ were purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Korea). BaCl₂, NaCl, NaHCO₃, and urethane were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Korea). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and Methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Ltd. (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). ODQ, indomethacin, and glibenclamide were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, P5G, G7G, and rutin were dissolved in methanol. All other drugs were dissolved in distilled water.

Jo C., Kim B., Lee S., Ham I., Lee K, & Choi H.Y. (2019). Vasorelaxant Effect of Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc. Branch through the Endothelium-Dependent Pathway. Molecules, 24(18), 3340.

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Malondialdehyde Quantification in Kidney Tissue

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Lipid peroxidation levels were measured by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) using thiobarbituric acid method [27 (link)]. Kidney tissues were homogenized with 0.15M KCl (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) solution. 0.2ml of homogenous kidney tissue was added to 0.2ml of 8.1% SDS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO., USA) and incubated at room temperature for 10min. 3ml of 20% acetic acid (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea)-0.8% TBA mixture (Lancaster Synthesis, Morecambe, England) (1:1, v/v) and 0.6ml of distilled water were added. The reaction mixture was heated in a water bath at 95℃ for 1h, and then cooled by tap water immediately. To each tube, 1ml distilled water and 5ml of n-butanol (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) and pyridine (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, south Korea) (15:1, v/v) were added and shaken using a vortex. After centrifuging at 4,000 rpm for 10 min, the pink supernatant was measured at 532 nm using ELISA reader (BIO-TEK instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) with 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane (Sigma-Aldrich) as a standard.

Shin H., Eo H, & Lim Y. (2015). Similarities and differences between alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in amelioration of inflammation, oxidative stress and pre-fibrosis in hyperglycemia induced acute kidney inflammation. Nutrition Research and Practice, 10(1), 33-41.

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Pyruvate Kinase Activity Assay

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Pyruvate kinase activity assay was previously described [30 (link),31 (link)]. The tissues were lysed in RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl; 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2; 0.1% SDS; 1% Triton X-100; 1% sodium deoxycholate; 5 mM EDTA). The lysates were centrifuged at 15,920× g at 4°C for 30 min. Equal amounts of protein (1 μg) were incubated with 100 mM KCl (Duksan Pure Chemicals Co.), 50 mM Tris (Amresco, Cleveland, OH) pH 7.5, 5 mM, 0.6 mM ADP, 0.5 mM phosphoenolpyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 μM fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Sigma-Aldrich), 240 μM NADH (Sigma-Aldrich), and 8 units of lactate dehydrogenase (Sigma-Aldrich). The absorbance change of NADH’s oxidation was measured at 320 nm using a FLUOstar OPTIMA luminometer (BMG Labtech, Offenburg, Germany).

Ryu Y.C., Kim Y.R., Park J., Choi S., Ryu W.J., Kim G.U., Kim E., Hwang Y., Kim H., Han G., Lee S.H, & Choi K.Y. (2022). Pyruvate Kinase M2 Promotes Hair Regeneration by Connecting Metabolic and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Pharmaceutics, 14(12), 2774.

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Effect of Fat on Listeria monocytogenes Gastric Resistance

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To evaluate the effect of fat on L. monocytogenes resistance to gastric fluid, the simulated gastric fluid (Czuprynski et al., 2002 (link)) was prepared by combining 8.30 g proteose- peptone (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), 3.50 g D-glucose (Samchun Pure Chemical Co. Ltd., Korea), 2.05 g sodium chloride (Duksan Pure Chemicals, Korea), 0.60 g potassium phosphate (Duksan Pure Chemicals), 0.11 g calcium chloride (Samchun Pure Chemical), 0.37 g potassium chloride (Duksan Pure Chemicals), 0.10 g lysozyme (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan), 50 mg bile salt (Sigma-Aldrich), and 13.30 mg pepsin (Yakuri Pure Chemical Co. Ltd., Japan) per liter of distilled water. The simulated gastric fluid was adjusted to pH 2.0, using 1 N HCl. The frankfurters were transferred from vacuum packages to a filter bag (BagFilter^®, Interscience, France) containing 50 mL of simulated gastric fluid, and the samples were homogenized with a pummeler (BagMixer^®, Interscience, France) for 30 s. The homogenates were then placed in a water bath at 37℃, and samples were analyzed at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The homogenates were diluted with BPW, and 0.1-mL portions of the diluents were then plated on TSAYE and Palcam agar to determine survivals of total bacteria and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The plates were incubated at 30℃ for 48 h, and colonies were manually counted.

Kim H.Y., Kim C.J., Han S.G., Lee S., Choi K.H, & Yoon Y. (2014). Gastric Fluid and Heat Stress Response of Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated on Frankfurters Formulated with 10%, 20%, and 30% Fat Content. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 34(1), 20-25.

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Isolation and Characterization of Chestnut Lipase

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Korean chestnuts (Castanea crenata) were purchased from local markets. They were peeled, sealed in a vacuum plastic bag, and stored at 4 °C for subsequent use. Before use, the chestnuts were covered with a layer of wet cotton and allowed to germinate for 3 days at 18 °C.
HiTrap DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, HiTrap Q Sepharose Fast Flow, and HiPrep Sephacryl S-100 HR were purchased from Cytiva (Uppsala, Sweden). Trizma® base (≥ 99.9%), diethyl ether (≥ 99.9%), p-nitrophenyl palmitate (p-NPP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), isooctane (IOT), tributyrin, tricaproin, tricaprin, trilaurin, tripalmitin, and triolein (≥ 99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium sulfate (≥ 99.5%), Triton X-100, sodium chloride (≥ 99.5%), and agar were purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Boric acid, potassium chloride, and oleic acid were obtained from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). The Costar® 96-well microplates (clear wall, clear bottom) used for the fluorometric assay were purchased from Corning Co. (Corning, NY, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.

Heo J., Kwon C.W., Lee J., Park H., Yu H, & Chang P.S. (2022). A jacalin-related lectin domain-containing lipase from chestnut (Castanea crenata): Purification, characterization, and protein identification. Current Research in Food Science, 5, 2081-2093.

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