Energy dispersive x ray spectrometer

Different analytical techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized NPs in order to assess their functionality. The functional groups of producing CuONPs were investigated using an FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker Scientific, Billerica, MA, USA). Using an X-ray diffractometer for powder (Bruker Scientific, Billerica, MA, USA), the crystalline structure of the produced CuONP was examined. The particle size of the nanoparticle was determined by zeta potential and a particle analyzer. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) were used to evaluate the elemental composition of CuONPs (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy JEM-2100 (HRTEM) (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was used to examine the structural characteristics of NPs.

The morphologies of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes, the HA-MWCNT and the fabricated membranes were recorded on Quattro field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, Waltham, MA, USA) fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (Thermo Scientific^TM, Waltham, MA, USA). The specimens were coated by gold sputtering prior to analysis. X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained on a Rigaku Miniflex-II X-ray diffractometer using CuKα radiation in the range of 2θ 5°–80°. The FTIR spectra of the materials and the fabricated membranes were measured on Nicolet^TM iS5 FTIR spectrometer in the range of wavenumber 400–4000 cm⁻¹. The surface wettability of the fabricated membranes was measured on DSA-25 drop-shaped contact angle analyzer (KRUSS Scientific, Hamburg, Germany) using a drop size of 5 µL. The surface topography and roughness of the membrane specimens were recorded on Agilent 5500 atomic force microscope (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Micrometric ASAP 2020 (Brussels, Belgium) was used to measure the BET surface area and pore size distribution. High-purity N₂ (99.999) gas was used under the liquid nitrogen condition.