Spss statistics for windows software version 22

Kidney volumes, MDCM and serum creatinine levels are presented as the median with interquartile range, and blood pressure, and antihypertensive drugs are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The preoperative and postoperative results were compared by the Wilcoxon signed rank test, or paired Student’s t test. The correlations between the ratio of MDCM and other factors were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. In addition, stepwise multifactor linear regression model was used. The patients were divided into two subgroups depending on the preoperative MDCM. The cutoff value was the median of MDCM. Subgroup A included patients with relatively low preoperative MDCM, and Subgroup B included patients with relatively high preoperative MDCM. The kidney volumes, MDCM, serum creatinine levels, blood pressure, and antihypertensive drugs of different subgroups were compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test or Student’s t test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A specialist in medical statistics participated in all statistical analyses. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows, version 22.0 (Armonk, NY, USA).

Data were analyzed statistically using IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., USA). The differences between the experimental groups in single-day parameters were determined using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the association between different parameters assessed in the study. Probabilities of P < 0.05 were considered significant.

The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (range). Baseline characteristics included age, sex, refractive error, BCVA, and chronicity of CSC at the time of the initial visit. The mean SFCT, the greatest height of the SRF, and various imaging characteristics, such as choroidal hyperpermeability, flat irregular PED, and serous PED, were also evaluated. IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Somers, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous variables, and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables when the clinical characteristics were compared between eyes with and without recurrence. Repeated-measured analysis of variance was used to compare the mean BCVA, the mean SFCT, and the mean CMT during the follow-up period. To investigate the possible predictive factors for the recurrence of CSC after the IVBIs, binary regression analysis using the forward analysis method was used. Mauchly's test of sphericity and Kolmogorov–Smirnov analyses were used to confirm statistical validity. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (range) values. Baseline characteristics included age, sex, refractive error, and BCVA at the initial visit. Medical histories, including hypertension and end-stage renal disease, were obtained from the medical charts of the patients. IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Somers, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analyses. For continuous variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons among three groups, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between two groups. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare values for mean BCVA, mean CMT, and mean aqueous ET-1 levels after intravitreal injections. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to evaluate for any significant correlations between aqueous ET-1 level with visual and anatomical outcomes in the patients with advanced DR after intravitreal injection. Multiple regression analysis by using stepwise approach was used to investigate the correlation between the baseline factors with the mean aqueous ET-1 level at baseline. Mauchly’s test of sphericity and Kolmogorov-Smirnov analyses were used to confirm statistical validity. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Urinary 8-OHdG, metals, and creatinine levels were first natural log-transformed to normalize their distributions before the Student’s t-test or regression analysis was done. Student’s t and Chi-Square statistics were used to compare the personal covariates, which were the urinary 8-OHdG and metals of welders and office workers. The association among urinary metals, personal covariates, work experience, and oxidative damage biomarkers was assessed using multiple linear regression; moreover, to minimize the effect of residual confounding of sociodemographic factors, such as sex, age, and race/ethnicity, on urinary biomarkers, urinary creatinine was adjusted as an independent variable in the linear regression analysis [25 (link)]. The level for statistical significance was set to α = 0.05 in all tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS statistics software for Windows version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).