Da hydrochloride

Allylamine, MeOH, EtOH, IPOH, DMF, DMSO,
DA hydrochloride, silver nitrate, and LMW-PEI (700 Da) were purchased
from Sigma. PDMA (uhPDMA, 900 kDa) was synthesized based on the procedure
which was previously developed in our lab.^{48 (link)} The PU sheet was purchased from Professional Plastics. The polymeric
catheters including Foley catheters, 24G PU IV, 10 Fr silicone urinary,
and 16 Fr PVC urinary catheter were supplied by BD. The PDMS sheets
were cast in the lab using reagents purchased from Dow Corning. All
cell culture-related media and supplements [trypsin–EDTA, Dulbecco’s
phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), heat-inactivated FBS, P/S, RPMI
1640 medium, modified eagle medium, and MeOH] were received from Thermo
Fisher Scientific unless otherwise specified. T24 bladder carcinoma
cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC CRL-2922
Manassas, VA) and were used between passage numbers 5 and 10.

Cocaine hydrochloride was dissolved in sterile 0.9% sodium chloride. Drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 20 or 10 mg/kg for locomotor testing and locomotor sensitization, respectively. Cocaine solution was made fresh immediately before behavioral testing and protected from light. For in vitro experiments, drugs were diluted in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen) immediately before treating cell culture plates. DA hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, H8502-5G) was dissolved in Neurobasal medium, and cells were treated at a dose of 1 μM for RT-qPCR experiments or 50 μM for snRNA-seq experiments. R(+)–SCH-23390 hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, D054-5MG) and R(+)–SKF-38393 hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, S101-5MG) were dissolved in sterile Milli-Q water, and cells were treated at a dose of 1 μM. For MEK inhibitor experiments, U0124 (1 μM; Millipore, 662006-1MG) and U0126 (1 μM; Millipore, 662005-1MG) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Invitrogen, D12345). The CREB inhibitor 666-15 (1 μM; Tocris, 5661), also called 3-(3-aminopropoxy)-N-[2-[[3-[[(4-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-naphthalenyl]oxy]ethyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxamine hydrochloride, was dissolved in DMSO. KCl (Fisher Scientific, P330-500) was dissolved in Neurobasal media, and cells were treated with a 25 mM dose.

All chemicals
were commercially available and used without further purification
as follows. The GO suspension (4 mg mL^–1 in H₂O), tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane (Tris, 1 mol L^–1), DA hydrochloride (98.00 wt %), hydrochloric acid
(HCl, 0.1 mol L^–1), and sodium hydroxide solution
(NaOH, 0.1 mol L^–1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Co., Ltd. PES microfiltration membranes (diameter of 47 mm, average
pore size of 220 nm) were purchased from Merck Millipore Co., Ltd.
strontium nitrate (Sr(NO₃)₂, 98.00 wt %), and
strontium standard solution(1000 mg/L) were obtained from FUJIFILM
Wako Pure Chemical Industries Co. Ltd. Ultrapure water was obtained
from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, MA, USA).