The SS-XLCT imaging system is schematically shown in Figure 3A . The system consists of an X-ray source, a high-sensitivity CCD camera for excellent optical detection, a sample stage and a home-made two-planar-mirror component. The experimental setup is identical to conventional cone-beam XLCT imaging system except the scanning stages (linear translational stage and rotator). Here, a commercially available small animal cabinet X-ray irradiator (X-RAD 320, Precision) was adopted. The cabinet irradiator can generate X-ray up to 320 kVp. An InGaAs camera (NIRvana 640, Princeton Instruments) which has a broad spectrum of 900 to 1700 nm is used for light detection. The two planar mirrors (8 in. protected aluminum, Thorlabs) which are mounted on a 3D printed plastic stage, and the sample stage are fixed in the cabinet. The reflection efficiency of the planar mirror is more than 90% in the light wavelength range of 450 to 2000 nm. The light emission by X-ray excitation in the cabinet was detected by the InGaAs camera which is fixed in an adjustable tripod through a transparent lead glass window sealed with a black aluminum foil. The foil is to minimize the interference from environment light (as shown in Figure 3B ). All the components of the system shown in Figure 3A except the InGaAs camera were mounted within the X-ray irradiator cabinet in Figure 3B .
Nirvana 640
Manufactured by Teledyne
Sourced in United States
The NIRvana 640 is a near-infrared (NIR) camera designed for scientific and industrial applications. It features a 640 x 512 pixel InGaAs focal plane array and provides high-sensitivity detection in the 0.9 to 1.7 micron wavelength range. The NIRvana 640 is capable of capturing images and spectra in the near-infrared spectrum.
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Lab products found in correlation
Dg10 220 md, by Thorlabs (2 mentions)
Bwf 1 785 55371, by B&W Tek (2 mentions)
Ltfw6, by Thorlabs (2 mentions)
Felh series, by Thorlabs (2 mentions)
Imagej v 1.52a, by Adobe (1 mentions)
Cc2018, by Adobe (1 mentions)
Jem 1400 transmission electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Felh1300, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
Felh1100, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
Mhp550l02, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
Lightfield software, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
Matlab, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Ingaas camera, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
Acton sp2300, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
Acton spectrometer, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
X rad 320, by Precision X-Ray (1 mentions)
Jem 2100f field emission electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions)
2600 uv vis nir spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Rf 6000 fluorescence spectrometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Timstof pro 2 mass spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
20 protocols using nirvana 640
1
Dual-Modality X-Ray and Infrared Imaging System
2
Synthesis of NIR-II Ratiometric Probes
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The core-shell nanoparticles of NaYF4:Nd@NaYF4 and NaErF4@NaYF4 were prepared and modified following the previously reported method 51 , 53 (link), 56 (link). The synthesis protocols and details were provided in the Supplementary Material . NIR-II ratiometric fluorescence probes were prepared by mixing the final optimized Nd@Y-FA NPs and Er@Y-PEG NPs with equivalent fluorescence intensities under the InGaAs camera (Princeton Instruments, NIRvana-640).
3
Near-Infrared Imaging of Surgical Flaps
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The groups were as follows: Control, CORM + GSNO, CCOD-GNs-4-MAP, Surgical delay, and CN-Patch (n = 6). Rats were anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation and the hairs on the back areas were shaved. Anesthetized rats were placed in a prone position and injected with IR-780@BSA probe (6 mM, 3 ml/kg) via tail vein51 (link),52 (link). All NIR-II images were obtained within 3 min after injection of the probe, using a two-dimensional InGaAs camera (Princeton Instruments, NIRvana-640). Images were collected with an 1100 nm long pass filter and 40 ms exposure time, under an 808 nm laser excitation (65 mW/cm2). To maximize image quality, each flap image was pieced together from three segments: anterior, mid, and posterior parts using ImageJ software (ImageJ v.1.52a) and Photoshop (Adobe, CC2018).
4
Characterization of Nanoparticle Optical Properties
5
Preparation and Pharmacokinetics of IR780-Labeled OVA Nanoformulations
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Firstly, IR780OVA was prepared. 30 mg OVA and 45 μL of 10 mg/mL IR780 DMSO solution were added into 15 mL ultrapure water under stirring at 70 °C for 2 h in dark. After that, the mixing solution was concentrated and washed with ultrapure water by ultrafiltration Millipore tube (10 kDa) for more than 3 times and the IR780OVA was successfully prepared. The preparation of IR780OVA@FeShik is similar with the OVA@FeShik, in which OVA was replaced with IR780OVA. As for the pharmacokinetics assay, nine female BALB/c mice were injected intravenously with IR780OVA, IR780FeShik, and IR780OVA@FeShik, respectively. Blood was collected into the anticoagulant tube from the orbital venous plexus of mice by using a capillary pipette at different timepoints. And then, the fluorescence intensity corresponding to IR780 was measured on a two-dimensional InGaAs array (Princeton Instruments, NIRvana-640) with a laser wavelength of 808 nm.
6
NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging in Mice
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The mice were shaved using Nair hair removal cream and anesthetized with isoflurane. For NIR-II imaging, an 808-nm laser (Artemis Intelligent Imaging) was used as the excitation source with a power density of 65 mW/cm2. Fluorescence emission was typically collected using a combination of 1000 and 1100 nm (or 1200, 1300 nm) long-pass filters (Thorlabs, Edmund optics, etc.). The InGaAs camera (Princeton Instruments NIRvana-640 and Raptor) utilized a tunable exposure time to capture images in the NIR-II window.
7
Multimodal Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
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The home-built imaging setup uses 808/915/1064-nm laser coupled into a 450-μm core metal-cladded multimode fiber (Changchun New Industries Optoelectronics Tech.) as illumination source. Fluorescence signal is directed from the imaging stage to the InGaAs SWIR camera (NIRvana 640, Princeton Instruments; 640 × 512 pixel) using a combination of various emission filters (Thorlabs and Edmund Optics) incorporated before camera lens (SWIR-35, Navitar). The whole assembly was surrounded by a partial enclosure to eliminate excess light while enabling manipulation of the field of view during operation. The InGaAs camera was cooled to − 80 °C, the analog to digital conversion rate was set to 2 or 10 MHz, the gain was set to high, and different exposure times were used to achieve sufficient signal. All images were background and blemish corrected within the LightField imaging software and processed with Matlab.
8
Near-Infrared II Fluorescence Imaging System
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Figure 1 a shows the NIR-II fluorescence stereo system, featuring epi-illumination geometry and fiber-based configurations with a fluorescence signal excited by a 793 nm continuous-wave fiber laser (CNI laser, FC-W-793). Then, light emitted from fiber (MHP550L02, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) was transmitted via a ground glass diffuser (Thorlabs, DG10-600-MD) providing uniform illumination in the irradiation area (50–70 mW/cm2). For whole-body imaging of the mouse, long-pass (LP) filters (FELH1100, FELH1300, and FELH1400, Thorlabs) were employed, while in vivo images were acquired using a cooled InGaAs camera (NIRvana 640, Princeton Instruments; 640 × 512 pixels, response 900–1700 nm) with a short-wave infrared C-mount zoom lens (LM35HC-SW, Kowa, Tokyo, Japan). The working temperature of the InGaAs camera was −80 °C, the gain was set in high mode, and the analog-to-digital conversion rate was set at 2 or 10 MHz. A camera and a one-dimension moving stage were used for NIR-II stereo imaging (Figure 1 b). The images were acquired with LightField software (Princeton Instruments, Trenton, NJ, USA) and analyzed with MATLAB (MathWorks, 2020).
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9
NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging of GI Tract and Tumors
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All NIR-II fluorescence images were collected by a homemade small animal NIR-II imaging system. The imaging system mainly contained a thermoelectric cooled InGaAs camera (Princeton Instruments, NIRvana: 640, USA), a fiber-coupled 808 nm laser, and a 980 nm long-pass filter. Before imaging, all mice were anesthetized with the mixture of 0.5 L min−1 O2 gas and 3% isoflurane in a small animal gas anesthesia machine, and all the imaging areas of mice were depilated. NIR-II fluorescence imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and high intestinal obstruction was carried out after the oral administration of IR820–HSA (400 μL, 7.5 μM). NIR-II fluorescence imaging of tumors in 4T1-bearing mice was performed with the tail vein injection of free IR820 (150 μL, 75 μM). Three mice were used in each group. Different camera exposure times and excitation power density were used to collect fluorescence images of the digestive tract system (1000 ms, 58 mW cm−2) and tumors (200 ms, 116 mW cm−2). Finally, the images were analyzed by ImageJ software.
10
Precise Optical Characterization of Nanoparticles
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Absolute ground-state reflectivities were measured using the integrating sphere of a Perkin Elmer Lambda 950 spectrometer coupled to a PbS photodetector and PMT (Fig. 3b, c and Supplementary Fig. 4 ). Single nanocube absorption spectra (Fig. 3b inset) were captured using an inverted Olympus IX71 microscope coupled to a Princeton Instruments spectrometer and InGaAs detector (Acton SP2300 and NIRvana 640, respectively). Unpolarized light from a halogen lamp was both focused and collected through a 100× objective (Olympus LMPlan IR, NA = 0.8) and passed through a 75 μm slit prior to entering the spectrometer to isolate individual particles. Spectra of the specular reflected light from each nanocube were integrated for 200 ms, averaged over 100 exposures to avoid detector saturation, and were normalized to spectra of the bare substrate between particles. Single particle spectra were then fitted to a Lorentzian function to extract the homogeneous linewidths.
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