Petrothin

Manufactured by Buehler

Sourced in United States

Petrothin is a laboratory instrument designed for the preparation of thin sections of rock samples. It is used to slice and polish rock specimens to a thickness suitable for microscopic examination and analysis.

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Lab products found in correlation

Isomet low speed saw, by Buehler (4 mentions) Isomet, by Buehler (2 mentions) Metaserv 250, by Buehler (2 mentions) Sp1600, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Minimet 1000, by Buehler (1 mentions) Ds fi3, by Nikon (1 mentions)

6 protocols using petrothin

Hare Skeletal Histology Preparation

Cited 2 times

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After euthanasia, the carcasses of hares were frozen in the FIWI's refrigeration facilities and flown to the Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP) by a specialized transport company. At the ICP, all skeletal parts were prepared using cold water baths (so as not to destroy the label colours) with a weakly concentrated KH-7 degreasing agent and stored in the ICP collections.
Histological slides were prepared according to our laboratory's standard protocol.²⁹ (link)^,⁷⁶ (link)^,⁷⁷ (link) The long bones were cut and a chunk of about 2 cm was extracted from the mid-diaphysis of each bone. The blocks were degreased and dehydrated by alcohol immersion and embedded in Araldite 2020 epoxy resin. Then they were cut in half with a low-speed diamond saw (IsoMet low speed saw, Buehler). The cut surfaces were polished with a MetaServ polishing machine and fixed with epoxy resin on a frosted glass. Once the sample was fixed, it was cut to a thickness of 100–120 μm with a diamond saw (Petrothin, Buehler) and finely polished again to obtain the finished slide. Histological thin sections were observed under a Zeiss Scope.A1 microscope, labelled samples with fluorescence filters. The recordings were made with the built-in camera (AxioCam ICc5).

Köhler M., Nacarino-Meneses C., Cardona J.Q., Arnold W., Stalder G., Suchentrunk F, & Moyà-Solà S. (2023). Insular giant leporid matured later than predicted by scaling. iScience, 26(9), 107654.

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Sectioning and Preparation of 3D-Printed HA/PLA Implants

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Specimens were prepared according to the previous reports [18 (link)]. In brief, each tissue block specimen was sectioned into two halves with a diamond disc (Isomet, Buehler, IL, USA) in a mesiodistal direction through the center and along the axis of the 3D-printed HA/PLA implants. One half was sequentially dehydrated in ascending concentrations of alcohols from 70% to 100%, infiltrated and embedded in methylmethacrylate resin. Following complete polymerization overnight, the specimens were cut to a size of less than 1 mm using a saw microtome (Leica SP1600, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA). The thin sections were then mounted on roughened glass slides and subsequently ground (PetroThin, Buehler, IL, USA) and polished (Minimet 1000, Buehler, IL, USA) to a final thickness of approximately 40 μm.

Chen R.S., Hsu S.H., Chang H.H, & Chen M.H. (2021). Challenge Tooth Regeneration in Adult Dogs with Dental Pulp Stem Cells on 3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite/Polylactic Acid Scaffolds. Cells, 10(12), 3277.

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Histological Sectioning of Dental Samples

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Histological sections of teeth were prepared in our laboratory following standard procedures^{8 (link)}. In the case of extant species, teeth were firstly extracted from the mandible and dehydrated using different concentrations of alcohol for a total period of 72 hours (70, 96 and 100%; 24 h in each). With both extant and fossil samples, each tooth was then embedded in epoxy resin (Araldite 2020) and longitudinally sectioned at the level of the protoconid in the bucco-lingual plane using a low-speed diamond saw (IsoMet, Buehler). The cut surface was later polished using a Metaserv®250 (Buehler) and fixed to a frosted glass with ultraviolet-curing adhesive (Loctite 358). Each sample was then cut and ground with a diamond saw (PetroThin, Buehler) up to a thickness of 150 μm and polished again to obtain a final thickness of approximately 120 μm. Finally, the thin sections obtained were dehydrated again in increasing concentrations of alcohol, immersed in a histological clearing agent (Histo-Clear II) and mounted using DPX medium (Scharlau) to improve visualisation of the dental microscopic features. Due to the high height of equids’ crowns, most of the samples had to be mounted on two separate slides^{10 (link)}. The identification of incremental markings enabled confirmation of both slides being cut from the same plane (Fig. 1a).

Nacarino-Meneses C., Jordana X., Orlandi-Oliveras G, & Köhler M. (2017). Reconstructing molar growth from enamel histology in extant and extinct Equus. Scientific Reports, 7, 15965.

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Histological Preparation and Analysis of Metapodial Bones

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Histological slides were produced following the standard protocol of our laboratory^{43 (link),99 (link)}. Mid-shaft blocks of each metapodial were embedded in epoxy resin (Araldite 2020) and sectioned using an IsoMet low-speed saw (Buehler). The exposed surfaces were polished using a grinder polisher (Buehler, MetaServ 250) and glued to a glass slide using the same epoxy resin. The mounted samples were cut using a diamond saw (Buehler, Petrothin) up to a thickness of 300 μm and grounded to 150–100 μm, using the grinder polisher. Finally, the slides were dehydrated in alcohol gradients and immersed in a histological clearing agent (Histo-Clear II) prior to cover them with a DPX medium.
The histological samples were studied under polarised light using a Zeiss Scope.A1 microscope with an attached digital camera (AxioCam ICc5). The slides were examined using a retardation filter of ¼ λ to improve the observation of the bone tissues and growth marks¹⁰⁰. The micrographs of the cortex were merged using Adobe Photoshop^® and analysed with Image J software.

Orlandi-Oliveras G., Nacarino-Meneses C., Koufos G.D, & Köhler M. (2018). Bone histology provides insights into the life history mechanisms underlying dwarfing in hipparionins. Scientific Reports, 8, 17203.

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Histological Analysis of Mammalian Bone

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After euthanasia, we prepared from each individual six postcranial bones from sections of the hind- and forelimb (femur, tibia, metatarsus, humerus, radius and metacarpus). The total of 36 bones was sent to the ICP-Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Barcelona (Spain) for histologic analysis.
All bones were photographed and measured following standard ICP procedure before sectioning^{65 (link)}. Bones were sectioned at the central part of the diaphysis. A chunk of approximately 3 cm from the middle of the diaphysis was extracted from each bone (from 1.5 cm above to 1.5 cm below the mid-shaft), degreased and dehydrated by alcohol immersion. Afterwards the chunk was embedded in Araldite 2020 epoxy resin. The block was cut into two halves with a low speed diamond saw (IsoMet low speed saw, Buehler). The cut surfaces were polished with a MetaServ polishing machine and fixed to a frosted glass using epoxy resin. Once the sample was fixed, it was cut with a diamond saw (Petrothin, Buehler) up to a thickness of 100–120 μm and finely polished again to perfect the slide.

Calderón T., Arnold W., Stalder G., Painer J, & Köhler M. (2021). Labelling experiments in red deer provide a general model for early bone growth dynamics in ruminants. Scientific Reports, 11, 14074.

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Histological Analysis of Bone Samples

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A histological sample was taken from the proximal region of the shaft of the Mt II. The samples were exposed using a Buehler Isomet low-speed saw and subsequently polished on a glass sheet coated with carborundum powder, using decreasing particle sizes of 600, 800, and 1000 grit. The bone sample was fixed to a frosted glass slide using ultraviolet curing glue Loctite 358. The ground section was then prepared with a diamond saw (Buehler, PetroThin) to a final thickness of approximately 60 µm. The slice was dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol baths, cleared in Histo-Clear II for five minutes, and finally mounted in a DPX mounting medium. The thin section was observed under transmitted and polarized light using a petrographic microscope Nikon Eclipse E400 POL connected to a digital camera Nikon DS-FI3.

Sellés A.G., Vila B., Brusatte S.L., Currie P.J, & Galobart À. (2021). A fast-growing basal troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the latest Cretaceous of Europe. Scientific Reports, 11, 4855.

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