Hem 7015it digital blood pressure monitor

Procedures for collecting and processing baseline blood and urine samples have previously been reported and validated.^{19 (link)} Biochemical assays were conducted at a dedicated central laboratory. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation.^{20 (link)}Detailed information on covariates was available through standardized questionnaires, including age, sex, race, education, smoking, diet, sleep, mental health, income, and the usage of antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, and glucose-lowering medications. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by height squared. Area-based socioeconomic status was derived from the postal code of residence by using the Townsend deprivation score. Baseline prevalent diabetes was identified through multiple procedures considering the type of diabetes and sources of the diagnosis.^{21 (link)} Blood pressure was measured twice manually (manual sphygmometer) or automatically (Omron HEM-7015IT digital blood pressure monitor), and the mean value of the two measurements was used to minimize measurement error.
The details about these measurements can be found in the UK Biobank online protocol (www.ukbiobank.ac.uk).

The presence of diabetes was based on a self-reported medical diagnosis. Age at first diagnosis of diabetes, and the use of medications for cholesterol, blood pressure or diabetes regulation were self-reported at study baseline. Type I diabetes was defined as the presence of the combination of a self-reported medical diagnosis of diabetes, an age at first diagnosis before 30 years, and the use of an insulin product. All other participants with a self-reported medical diagnosis of diabetes were considered to have type II diabetes. Smoking status was self-reported. Socioeconomic status was measured using the Townsend Deprivation Score, an area of residence-based index of material deprivation. Baseline physical measurements were obtained by trained staff using standardised procedures and regularly calibrated equipment. Blood pressure was measured using the Omron HEM-7015IT digital blood pressure monitor. Standing height was measured using a Seca 202 height measure. Waist and hip circumference were measured using a Wessex non-stretchable sprung tape measure. Weight and body fat percentage were measured using the Tanita BC-418 MA body composition analyser. BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square of the standing height (m²). Waist-to-hip ratio was derived by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference.