Spss 28.0.0 for windows

Experimental data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 28.0.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc). Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to analyze normal distribution of the data. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using the independent samples Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Bonferroni correction, as indicated, to analyze normalized expression levels. Spearmen and Pearson’s correlation was used for the relationship between continuous and ordinal variables. The significance level was p < 0.05 at the 95% confidence level.

The data are expressed as means ± SEM. Normal distribution and homogeneity of variances were assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and the Levene test, respectively. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired t-test to compare the HFD and HFD leptin-treated groups with the control group. Multiple comparisons were conducted using a one-way ANOVA followed by an LSD post hoc test. Log-transformed variables were used for statistical analysis when they did not meet parametric criteria. In the cases where a normal distribution or homogeneity of variances was not observed, nonparametric tests were applied. Linear relationships between key variables were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients. The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 28.0.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), considering significance at p < 0.05.