Alpha minimal essential media alpha mem

DPSC (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) and SHED (kindly provided by Songtao Shi) were cultured in Alpha-Minimal Essential Media (Alpha-MEM; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) supplemented with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 1% Antimycotic and Antibiotic Solution (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) at 37°C and 5% CO₂. Primary Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HDMEC; Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) were cultured in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 (EGM2-MV; Lonza). To induce vasculogenic differentiation, SHED or DPSC were exposed to EGM2-MV supplemented with 50 ng/mL rhVEGF₁₆₅ (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). In selected experiments, cells were exposed to 0 or 25 ug/mL anti-VEGF antibody, i.e. bevacizumab (Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA).