Methyl methane sulfonate

The media (conventional Luria-Bertani and Minimal media) composition used in this entire study is essentially as described in Miller (1992 ). Materials used for media, buffer, solutions, most of the Antibiotics, Mac-Conkey Lactose Agar and other fine chemicals were purchased from Hi-Media, India. Streptomycin was purchased from Sarabhai Chemicals, India. Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) was purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, India and the final concentration of each of them is quoted wherever appropriate. The primers used in this study were obtained from Synergy Scientific, India. All the Genetic techniques were according to Miller (1992 ) (with minor modifications) and molecular techniques employed in this study are as per Sambrook and Russel (2001 ).

The Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 were kindly provided by Prof. B. N. Ames, University of California, Berkeley, USA. The details of the strains are provided in the Supplementary Table S1 (see Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/467465). Sodium azide (NaN₃) was purchased from HiMedia Lab. (Mumbai, India). D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium salt, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate sodium salt, sodium phosphate, ammonium molybdate, neocuproine, L-histidine monohydrate, D-biotin, 2-aminofluorene (2AF), benzo[a]pyrene, and ellagic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. All other reagents used to prepare buffers and media were of analytical grade.