Medium bran oat flour (i.d. 112-001) with a particle size percentage distribution of 2.00 mm (0.8%), 0.841 mm (61.5%), 0.595 mm (32.1%), 0.420 mm (5.0%), and Pan (0.6%) was donated by Richardson Milling (Portage La Prairie, MB, Canada). The enzymes (α-amylase, Flavourzyme®, Alcalase®, and Papain, sodium tartrate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cupric sulfate pentahydrate, Trolox, 1,10-phenanthroline, iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Tris-HCl, Tris-Base, potassium bromide, pyrogallol, reduced glutathione, L-serine, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium potassium phosphate tartrate, starch, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. (Oakville, Ontario, Canada). The solvents, including concentrated hydrochloric acid, methanol and Folin-Ciocalteau Phenol reagent, fluorescein, and 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co. (Nepean, Ontario, Canada).
Starch
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, India, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy, Ireland, Switzerland
Starch is a carbohydrate-based laboratory reagent used in various testing and analytical procedures. It serves as a general indicator for the presence of iodine, which forms a characteristic blue-black complex when combined with starch. The core function of starch is to provide a visual detection method for iodine, without further interpretation or extrapolation on its intended use.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Acarbose, by Merck Group (29 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (23 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
α amylase, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
α glucosidase, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Potassium iodide, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (11 mentions)
3 5 dinitrosalicylic acid, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
171 protocols using starch
1
Oat Flour Characterization and Enzyme Assays
2
Detecting Coriander Seed Adulteration
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Two hundred, whole coriander seed samples with highest-grade quality (AAA rated) provenance and authenticity, of Indian origin, were obtained from a reputable supplier. Potential adulterants were identified; salt and sawdust were purchased at a local retailer (Asda) and starch was obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Pool, UK (CAS number: 9005-25-8). All samples were stored in sealed containers, at ambient temperature and away from direct light. Prior to spectroscopic analysis, all samples were ground to a homogenous powder using a ball mill (Planetary Ball Mill: PM-100 Retsch, Hann, Germany). Approximately 5.0 g of coriander seed was added to the grinding jars and milled at 500 rpm for five minutes. To prepare the adulterated samples, 10 authentic coriander samples were chosen (Excel random generator) and spiked at levels of 10, 20 and 30 g/100 g with salt, sawdust or starch. The concentrations used in this study were chosen based on economically relevant levels for adulteration. In total, 90 spiked samples were prepared.
3
Characterizing Amylase Activity in E. coli
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100 μL of primary culture of E. coli MG1655 propagating pPG_amyE+ plasmid was spread on M9 minimal agar plate containing 0.5% starch (Sigma-Aldrich) as a carbon source and 50 μg/mL Kanamycin (aMResco®) as a selecting agent. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 3 days until visible colonies were formed. The entire plate was then flooded with Lugol’s reagent (Cochran et al., 2008 ) to observe halo around each colony confirming starch digestion by α-amylase secreted by bacterial cells, see Figure S3 A.
1 mL of supernatants isolated from overnight grown cultures of (i) E. coli MG1655, (ii) E. coli MG1655 + pPG_amyE+ and (iii) E. coli MG1655 pPG_amyE- were mixed with 0.05% starch solution for 5 hours at 37°C, in an individual experiment. After 5 hours all the three solutions were tested for starch degradation using Lugol’s iodine reagent (Cochran et al., 2008 ), seeFigure S3 B.
1 mL of supernatants isolated from overnight grown cultures of (i) E. coli MG1655, (ii) E. coli MG1655 + pPG_amyE+ and (iii) E. coli MG1655 pPG_amyE- were mixed with 0.05% starch solution for 5 hours at 37°C, in an individual experiment. After 5 hours all the three solutions were tested for starch degradation using Lugol’s iodine reagent (Cochran et al., 2008 ), see
4
Enzymatic Starch Hydrolysis Protocol
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Culture media were purchased from Biokar Diagnostics (Solabia group, Pantin, France) and Conda Laboratories (Madrid, Spain). Reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) and VWR chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Type VI-B porcine pancreatic α-amylase, type I α-glucosidase from baker’s yeast, starch, p-nitrophenyl-β-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and voglibase and other chemicals came from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France).
5
Cloning and Characterization of Cohnella sp. A01 Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes
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DNA extraction kits were purchased from Bioneer Company (Seoul, Korea). The restriction enzymes, NdeI, NotI, and plasmid pTZ57R/T were prepared from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD, USA). Plasmid extraction kit was procured from Roche Company (Switzerland). Bacterial strains including E. coli DH5α and E. coli BL21 (DE3), the expression vector pET-26b (+), and Ni-NTA resin were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, USA) and pustulan from Invivogen Company (San Diego, CA, USA). Laminarin, pullulan, starch, cellulose, and sucrose were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, USA). Other chemicals utilized in this study were prepared from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Cohnella sp. A01 was obtained from shrimp pond waste water at Choebdeh (Abadan, Iran; accession No. JN208862.1)[21 (link)]. VMD 1.9 (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA), Gene Runner 4.0 (Lynnon Biosoft, Canada), and Graphpad Prism 6 (San Diego, CA, USA) software were used to analyze protein structure and DNA sequence as well as to draw Michaelis-Menten curve and to calculate Km and Vmax. The phylogenetic tree was established using the maximum likelihood method implemented in the PhyML program (v3.1/3.0 aLRT)[22 (link)].
6
Electrochemical Characterization of Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
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Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O), graphite powder (+100 mesh), piroxicam and l -glutathione were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India. All other chemical reagents were bought from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Japan, and used as received. Ultrapure water was obtained from Millipore system. Analytical grade magnesium stearate, lactose monohydrate, talc, starch, glucose, urea, dopamine, ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), folic acid, glycine and l -lysine were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India. The electrochemical measurements were performed on a Bio-Logic workstation (SP-150, France). The three-electrode system consisted of a bare or modified glassy carbon electrode as working electrode, a platinum wire as auxiliary electrode and silver-silver chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl/3 M NaCl) as a reference electrode. GT SONIC professional ultrasonic cleaner and Eutech pH Meter were used for sonication and pH measurement, respectively. The FE-SEM was performed to analyze the surface morphology of prepared samples using TESCAN VEGA-3. The Thermo Scientific K-α KA1066 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer system was used for the chemical analysis of prepared samples. X-ray diffraction characterization was performed using Brucker Germany D8 with CuKα radiation (1.54 Å). Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy investigations were recorded by FT/IR-6600 spectrophotometer.
7
α-Amylase Inhibition Assay Protocol
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The assay was a modification of a previous method (11 (link)). Briefly, 250 µL samples in increasing concentrations were mixed with 50 µL of 2 U/mL enzyme (α-amylase isolated from pig, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck) in potassium phosphate buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck), pH=6.9, and incubated for 30 min at 25 °C. Next, the cells were incubated for an additional 10 min once starch (1% m/V) (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck) was added as a substrate for the reaction. The reaction was terminated by adding 50 µL 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck) at 85 °C and immediately cooling for 5 min to room temperature. The tested samples included supercoagulant-enriched curd, renneted curd and acarbose (100 mg of Glucobay tablet, Bayer Corp.), and a control without any sample. All tests were conducted in multiples of five for the calculations of standard errors. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm using microplate reader (Infinite 200 PRO equipped with Magellan software; Tecan), the inhibitory activity (in %) was calculated with Eq. 1, plotted versus the concentration of the sample and used for estimating the IC50 value.
8
Synthesis of Magnesium Chloride Composite
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9
Comprehensive Biochemical Assay Protocol
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Alpha-amylase from human salivary, alpha-glucosidase (1 unit/mL, Sigma), the ACE solution from rabbit lung, 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid sulfonic acid) (ABTS·+), dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene (DPX), 4-dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (DMACA), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric chloride, hippuroyl-His-Leu hydrate, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), Melanin from Sepiaofficinalis, p-nitrophenyl alpha-d -glucopyranoside (pNPG), phosphate buffer, potassium ferricyanide, potassium permanganate, potassium persulfate, potassium phosphate buffer, sodium borate buffer, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium potassium tartrate, starch, and xylene were from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Analytical-grade acetic acid, acetone, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and methanol were from Honeywell (Seelze, Hanover, Germany).
10
Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Potential of M. frondosa
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Healthy leaf and stem parts of M. frondosa were collected from natural forests of Dakshina Kannada (12.8158° N and 74.9241° E), Karnataka, India. The plant was authenticated by Flora of Madras Presidency (Gamble 1958 ) and a voucher specimen (No: MU/AB/DJM-02) was deposited in the Dept. of Applied Botany, Mangalore University. 1, 1-dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), α-amylase, starch and DNS were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol, zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn (NO3)2·6H2O] and methylene blue dye were procured from S.D. Fine chemicals. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS Media) and growth regulators were purchased from Hi-media (India). α-Glucosidase and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d -glucoside (P-PNPG) were purchased from SRL.
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