Acetanilide

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United Kingdom

Acetanilide is a solid organic compound used as a reference material in analytical chemistry. It is commonly used as a calibration standard for various analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC).

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Lab products found in correlation

9 protocols using acetanilide

Stable Isotope Analysis of Muskox Feces

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For stable isotope analysis, 1‐mg muskox feces was homogenized. Each sample was freeze‐dried and prepared using a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer system (IsoPrime 100; Cheadle, UK) with a vario MICRO cube elemental analyzer (Elementar, Hanau, Germany). Purified CO₂ and N₂ were used as the sample analysis gas and the isotopic reference gases, respectively. The GC column resolves CO₂ from N₂, and the reduction column filled with copper wires reduces N₂. All results are reported with delta notation, in parts per thousand (‰) relative to the PDB standard. Each plant sample was analyzed six times during this analysis.

δ^{13} C and δ^{15} N = (R_{sample} / R_{standard} ‐ 1) \times 1000 (‱)

The international reference materials of sucrose (ANU C12H22O11; NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) for δ13C and ammonium sulfate ([NH4]2SO4; NIST) for δ15N were analyzed to calibrate the reference gases and the internal standard (acetanilide; Thermo Scientific). The analytical precision was based on 10 replicate measurements of acetanilide and was within 0.12‰ and 0.20‰ for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, respectively.

Cheon J., Cho H., Kim M., Park H.J., Park T.S, & Lee W.Y. (2022). Fecal microbiota and diets of muskox female adults and calves. Ecology and Evolution, 12(5), e8879.

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Reagent Characterization for Chemical Research

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Reagents were ≥95% purity and were used as provided without further purification or characterisation. 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide, 4-bromo-2-methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide, 3-fluoroacetanilide, N-methylacetanilide and 4-nitroacetanilide were purchased from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK). 2-Acetamidophenol, 3-acetamidophenol, acetanilide, acetonitrile, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, benzanilide, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), formic acid, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and salicylanilide were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Hemel Hempstead, UK). Bicalutamide, flutamide, L-glutamine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES), lidocaine hydrochloride, 3-methylacetanilide, 4-methylacetanilide, niclosamide, N-phenylurea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, propanil, sodium phosphate dibasic, Trypan Blue and Williams’ Medium E were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). 4-Fluoroacetanilide, 2-methylacetanilide, 3-nitroacetanilide and prilocaine hydrochloride were purchased from VWR International Ltd (Lutterworth, UK).

Bradshaw P.R., Wilson I.D., Gill R.U., Butler P.J., Dilworth C, & Athersuch T.J. (2018). Metabolic Hydrolysis of Aromatic Amides in Selected Rat, Minipig, and Human In Vitro Systems. Scientific Reports, 8, 2405.

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Organic Carbon Isotope Analysis

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Analyses were performed on solid residue samples after porewater squeezing. TOC and δ¹³C_org were analyzed using an elemental analyzer (EA, Flash 2000; Thermo Scientific) coupled to a Delta V+ isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) at the Pôle de Spectrométrie Océan (PSO, Brest, France). Approximately 25 mg of decarbonated samples were loaded into tin capsules and introduced into an autosampler. Flash combustion was performed using an 8 s injection time of dioxygen at a flux of 240 mL min⁻¹. Carbon isotope ratios were obtained against reference standards (SED-IVA reference number: 33802151) and in-house standards (Acetanilide: reference number 274462 from Thermo Fisher; CAP (leaf litter) and LIPG (yeast) from Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France). δ¹³C-TOC values are given as the per mil (‰) difference from the PDB standard. TOC was measured using the thermal conductivity detector of the Flash 2000 instrument. Routine replicate measurements had internal deviations of 0.15‰ for δ¹³C-TOC and <5% for TOC.

Eickenbusch P., Takai K., Sissman O., Suzuki S., Menzies C., Sakai S., Sansjofre P., Tasumi E., Bernasconi S.M., Glombitza C., Jørgensen B.B., Morono Y, & Lever M.A. (2019). Origin of Short-Chain Organic Acids in Serpentinite Mud Volcanoes of the Mariana Convergent Margin. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1729.

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Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis Protocol

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To measure the stable isotope ratios, the filter samples were sealed in a tin disk. The sealed samples were analyzed using an elemental analyzer (Vario MICRO Cube, Elementar, Hanau, Germany) coupled to a continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS; Isoprime 100; Isoprime Ltd., Cheadle Hulme, United Kingdom). The samples were oxidized at a high temperature (1,150°C) in the elemental analyzer, and the resultant CO₂ and N₂ gases were transferred into the CF-IRMS using helium as a carrier gas. The stable isotope ratios are expressed as δ notation relative to Pee Dee Belemnite for carbon and atmospheric air for nitrogen, using the equation: δ (‰)=[(R_sample/R_standard)−1]×10³, where R is the ¹³C/¹²C or ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio. The international standard reference materials, sucrose (ANU C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, δ¹³C=−10.47±0.13‰, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, United States), and ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄, δ¹⁵N=−1.8±0.1‰, NIST] were used for calibrating carbon and nitrogen, respectively, after analyzing every 10 unknown samples. The analytical precisions, based on repeated analyses of acetanilide (Thermo Scientific) as an internal standard, were within 0.07‰ for δ¹³C and 0.11‰ for δ¹⁵N.

Park J.Y., Jung J.H., Kwak J.H., Park H.G., Kang C.K, & Park H.J. (2021). Trophic Enrichment Factors of Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Ratios (Δ13C and Δ15N) in Four Marine Ciliates. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 721157.

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Algal Stable Isotope Analysis

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After rinsing with 0.1 M HCl and washing with Milli-Q water, algal samples were freeze-dried and ground. Approximately 0.5–1 mg ground sample was placed into a 4 × 6 mm tin capsule for tissue δ¹³C analysis. The samples were analyzed using an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (MAT 253, Thermo Scientific, USA) at the Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Reference gases were calibrated against International Reference Materials (IAEA-CH6, IAEA-600 and EMA-P1). Results are expressed relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite. Replicate measurements of a laboratory standard (acetanilide, Thermo Scientific) analyzed with the samples indicated that analytical errors were <0.1‰ for δ¹³C.

Liu D., Ma Q., Valiela I., Anderson D.M., Keesing J.K., Gao K., Zhen Y., Sun X, & Wang Y. (2020). Role of C4 carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, the macroalga responsible for the world’s largest green tides. Communications Biology, 3, 494.

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Chitin, Cellulose, and Glucosamine Derivatization

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Hydrochloric acid (37 %, ACS Reagent), chitin from shrimp shells (practical grade), cellulose fibres (medium), 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl, > 99.0 %), N-acetyl-Dglucosamine (GlcNAc, > 98 %), and D-glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN, analytical standard) were all supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Lithium hydroxide (98+ %) was purchased from Merck Millipore. Sodium hydroxide (AnalaR NORMAPUR) and sodium tetraborate (GPR Rectapur) were supplied by VWR Chemicals. Diatomaceous earth (Celite® 545) was purchased from Honeywell. All reagents for the elemental analysis, including the tin pressed capsules (8 mm × 5 mm, standard clean) were bought from OEA Laboratories Ltd. The analytical standard of acetanilide was purchased from Thermo Fisher. Helium gas was supplied by Nippon Gases.
Acetonitrile and formic acid were both ULC-MS grade and supplied by Biosolve. Ultrapure water was obtained by means of the Arium Pro® UV from Sartorius.

Smets R, & Van Der Borght M. (2021). Enhancing the specificity of chitin determinations through glucosamine analysis via ultra-performance LC-MS. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 413(11).

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Biochar Elemental Composition Analysis

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Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total hydrogen (TH) contents of biochars were determined in triplicate by dry combustion (1020ºC) using a Flash 2000 HT elemental micro-analyser (Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany). Samples were grounded to 0.1 mm and dried (105ºC, 6 h) before analysis. 0.5 mg of each sample were weighed in cups (IVA Analysentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Meerbusch, Germany) made of tin for carbon and nitrogen and of silver for hydrogen analysis. The cups were closed, folded, pressed to a small size and loaded in a MAS 200R (Thermo Scientific) automatic sampling carrousel. Calibration standards of acetanilide, nicotinamide and aspartic acid (Thermo Scientific; Cambridge, UK) were prepared in the same manner and placed within batches of samples. Detection limits for TC, TN and TH were 0.4, 1 and 2 μg, respectively.

De la Rosa J.M., Sánchez-Martín Á.M., Campos P, & Miller A.Z. (2019). Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the total contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochars produced from organic residues: Assessment of their hazard potential. The Science of the total environment, 667.

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Trace Metal and Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis in Albacore Tuna

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From the total number of muscle samples of albacore collected for trace metal analysis, 335 were selected for SIA (96 from REU, 63 from SEY and 176 from SA), and 86 for POP analysis (43 from REU and 43 from SA).
SIA was performed according to the methods of Bodin et al. (2009) and Sardenne et al. (2016) .
Briefly, around 2 g of dried and ground samples were treated by an Accelerated Solvent Extraction system with dichloromethane. δ 13 C and δ 15 N were analysed together on dried lipid-free samples using a Delta V Advantage isotope ratio mass spectrometer interfaced to a Flash EA 1112 elemental analyser (Thermo Scientific). Analytical precision for both δ 13 C and δ 15 N was <0.15‰ based on replicate measurements of internal laboratory standards (acetanilide and peptone, Thermo Scientific).
Details for POP analysis are found in Munschy et al. (2016) . The concentrations and profiles of 18 PCB congeners (namely, the 6 indicators congeners were determined together with DDT compounds (namely, p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDD, and its main degradation products o,p '-DDD, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) .

Chouvelon T., Brach-Papa C., Auger D., Bodin N., Bruzac S., Crochet S., Degroote M., Hollanda S.J., Hubert C., Knoery J., Munschy C., Puech A., Rozuel E., Thomas B., West W., Bourjea J, & Nikolic N. (2017). Chemical contaminants (trace metals, persistent organic pollutants) in albacore tuna from western Indian and south-eastern Atlantic Oceans: Trophic influence and potential as tracers of populations. The Science of the total environment, 596-597.

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Stable Isotope Analysis Protocol

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Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition was determined using an elemental analyser (Flash EA 1112, Thermo Scientific, Milan, Italy) coupled to a continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (Delta V Advantage with a Conflo IV interface, Thermo Scientific, Bremen Germany). Analyses were conducted at the LIENSs stable isotope facility at the University of La Rochelle, France. Data are expressed in the δ notation (in ‰) as deviations from international standards (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite for δ 13 C and N2 in air for δ 15 N) following the formula: δX = [(Rsample /Rreference ) -1] × 10 3 ,with R = 13 C/ 12 C for carbon and 15 N/ 14 N for nitrogen. Calibration was done using reference materials (USGS-24, IAEA-CH6, IAEA-600 for carbon; IAEA-N2, IAEA-NO-3, IAEA-600 for nitrogen). Analytical precision was 0.15 ‰ for both C and N isotope analyses based on the analyses of acetanilide (Thermo Scientific) and peptone (Sigma-Aldrich) used as internal laboratory standards.

Charles F., Sauriau P.G., Aubert F., Lebreton B., Lantoine F, & Riera P. (2018). Sources partitioning in the diet of the shipworm Bankia carinata (J.E. Gray, 1827): An experimental study based on stable isotopes. Marine environmental research, 142.

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