Lipid peroxidation levels were measured by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) using thiobarbituric acid method [27 (link)]. Kidney tissues were homogenized with 0.15M KCl (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) solution. 0.2ml of homogenous kidney tissue was added to 0.2ml of 8.1% SDS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO., USA) and incubated at room temperature for 10min. 3ml of 20% acetic acid (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea)-0.8% TBA mixture (Lancaster Synthesis, Morecambe, England) (1:1, v/v) and 0.6ml of distilled water were added. The reaction mixture was heated in a water bath at 95℃ for 1h, and then cooled by tap water immediately. To each tube, 1ml distilled water and 5ml of n-butanol (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) and pyridine (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, south Korea) (15:1, v/v) were added and shaken using a vortex. After centrifuging at 4,000 rpm for 10 min, the pink supernatant was measured at 532 nm using ELISA reader (BIO-TEK instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) with 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane (Sigma-Aldrich) as a standard.
N butanol
Manufactured by Duksan Pure Chemicals
Sourced in Cameroon
N-butanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It is a primary alcohol with the molecular formula C4H9OH. N-butanol serves as a solvent and an intermediate in the production of other chemicals.
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Lab products found in correlation
3 tetramethoxypropane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Pyridine, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Elisa reader, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
2 7 dichlorofluorescein diacetate dcf da, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Donepezil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Malondialdehyde, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pyridine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Aβ25 35, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphoric acid, by Samchun (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Thiobarbituric acid tba, by Biosesang (1 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid tca, by Biosesang (1 mentions)
Oleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tetradecylphosphonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tungsten hexacarbonyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Diphenyl diselenide ph2se2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Molybdenumhexacarbonyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Toluene, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 protocols using n butanol
1
Malondialdehyde Quantification in Kidney Tissue
2
Amyloid-beta Oxidative Stress Assay
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Aβ25-35, donepezil (DO), Griess reagent, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 2’,7’-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium chloride (NaCl) was purchased from LPS Solution Co. (Daejeon, Korea). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were obtained from Biosesang Inc. (Seongnam, Korea) and Acros Organics Inc. (New Jersey, USA), respectively. n-Butanol and acetic acid were acquired from Duksan (Ansan, Korea). Pyridine was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Biopure Reagent Co. (Daejeon, Korea). Phosphoric acid was acquired from Samchun Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea).
3
Synthesis of Nanoparticle Precursors
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Molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6, 98%), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6, 99.99 %), tetradecylphosphonic acid (TDPA, 97%), oleic acid (OA, technical, 90%), and diphenyl diselenide (Ph2Se2, 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Solvents, including toluene (99.5%) and n-butanol (99%), were purchased from Duksan (Ansan, South Korea). All chemicals were used as received, without further purification.
4
Synthesis and Characterization of BSTO Nanoparticles
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To synthesize BSTO NPs, barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2, 99.999% trace metals basis, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2, 99.995% trace metals basis, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and titanium (IV) butoxide (Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4, reagent grade, 97%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used as the starting materials; n-butanol (99.5%, Duksan, South Korea) and deionized water were used as the solvents; and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, reagent grade, ≥98%, pellets (anhydrous), Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used as the reactive agent. A modified LSS process with control of the Ba-Sr composition was used (see Supporting Information). The crystalline phase of the BSTO NPs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Ultima, Rigaku, Japan) analysis using Cu-Kα radiation with a wavelength of 1.5418 Å at 2θ = 20°–80°. A particle size analyzer (PSA, Nanotrac Wave, Microtrac, USA) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) apparatus (AIS-2000C, SERON, South Korea) were used to observe the morphology and size distribution of the NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR, Perkin Elmer, USA) was employed to confirm the ligands of the BSTO NPs. A current–voltage (C–V) meter (B1500A, Agilent, USA) was used to determine the dielectric properties of the NPs, such as the dielectric constant and loss tangent.
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